% This file was created with JabRef 2.6. % Encoding: UTF8 @INPROCEEDINGS{Edmonds01, author = {Edmonds, Ian R.}, title = {Use of Latent Semantic Indexing to Identify Evolutionary Trajectories in Behaviour Space, The}, year = {2001}, pages = {613--622}, crossref = {ECAL01}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, media = {"pdf"} } @INBOOK{Keller99b, chapter = {8}, pages = {153-175}, title = {Dynamics of Conflicts Within Insect Societies}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Keller, L. and Reeve, H. K.}, booktitle = {Levels of Selection in Evolution}, crossref = {Keller99a}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Ackley94, author = {D. H. Ackley and M. L. Littman}, title = {Altruism in the Evolution of Communication}, booktitle = {Artificial Life IV}, year = {1994}, editor = {R. Brooks and P. Maes}, pages = {40-48}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, publisher = {MIT Press}, media = {paper} } @ARTICLE{Adami06, author = {Adami, C.}, title = {What Do Robots Dream Of?}, journal = {Science}, year = {2006}, volume = {314}, pages = {1093 -1094}, abstract = {Robots that create and update internal models of their own structure may be able to navigate the world in a more robust way and provide a test bed for models of self-awareness.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1135929}, } @ARTICLE{Adolphs03, author = {Adolphs}, abstract = {We are an intensely social species — it has been argued that our social nature defines what makes us human, what makes us conscious or what gave us our large brains. As a new field, the social brain sciences are probing the neural underpinnings of social behaviour and have produced a banquet of data that are both tantalizing and deeply puzzling. We are finding new links between emotion and reason, between action and perception, and between representations of other people and ourselves. No less important are the links that are also being established across disciplines to understand social behaviour, as neuroscientists, social psychologists, anthropologists, ethologists and philosophers forge new collaborations.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Agah96, author = {Agah, A. and Bekey, GA}, title = {A genetic algorithm-based controller for decentralized multi-agentrobotic systems}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Computation, 1996., Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on}, year = {1996}, pages = {431--436}, abstract = {In this paper the results of evolution on the task performance of a robot colony are discussed. The cognitive architecture of individual robots of a colony are modified, using genetic algorithms, producing a generation of robots with superior task performance, compared with those of the initial robot population. The effects of mutation probability and fitness scaling parameters on simulated evolution are also studied in this paper} } @ARTICLE{Agah97, author = {Agah, A. AND Bekey, G. A.}, title = {Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Learning in a Colony of Interacting Robots}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {1997}, volume = {4}, pages = {85-100}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Agah97b, author = {Agah, A. and Tanie, K.}, title = {Robots playing to win: evolutionary soccer strategies}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation}, year = {1997}, volume = {1}, pages = {632-637}, abstract = {Automatic development and learning of robot soccer strategies are presented in this paper. It is shown that using a novel control system, it is possible to allow teams of robots to acquire strategies for playing a better game of soccer through successive generations, utilizing simulated evolution. A number of soccer techniques, as developed through robot games, are discussed. The mechanism presented in the paper is suitable for other tasks requiring multiple robots to interact and cooperate in teams} } @ARTICLE{Agarwal10, author = {Agarwal, S. and Furukawa, Y. and Snavely, N. and Curless, B. and Seitz, S.M. and Szeliski, R.}, title = {{Reconstructing Rome}}, journal = {Computer}, year = {2010}, volume = {43}, pages = {40--47}, number = {6}, issn = {0018-9162}, publisher = {IEEE} } @ARTICLE{Agassounon04, author = {Agassounon, W. and Martinoli, A. and Easton, K.}, title = {Macroscopic Modeling of Aggregation Experiments Using Embodied Agents in Teams of Constant and Time-Varying Sizes}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2004}, volume = {17}, pages = {163-192}} @ARTICLE{Agogino00, author = {Agogino, A. and Stanley, K. and Miikkulainen, R.}, title = {Online Interactive Neuro-evolution}, journal = {Neural Processing Letters}, year = {2000}, volume = {11}, pages = {29--38}, number = {1}, abstract = {In standard neuro-evolution, a population of networks is evolved in a task, and the network that best solves the task is found. This network is then fixed and used to solve future instances of the problem. Networks evolved in this way do not handle real-time interaction very well. It is hard to evolve a solution ahead of time that can cope effectively with all the possible environments that might arise in the future and with all the possible ways someone may interact with it. This paper proposes evolving feedforward neural networks online to create agents that improve their performance through real-time interaction. This approach is demonstrated in a game world where neural-network-controlled individuals play against humans. Through evolution, these individuals learn to react to varying opponents while appropriately taking into account conflicting goals. After initial evaluation offline, the population is allowed to evolve online, and its performance improves considerably. The population not only adapts to novel situations brought about by changing strategies in the opponent and the game layout, but it also improves its performance in situations that it has already seen in offline training. This paper will describe an implementation of online evolution and shows that it is a practical method that exceeds the performance of offline evolution alone.}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Agogino04, author = {Agogino, A. and Tumer, K.}, title = {Efficient Evaluation Functions For Multi-Rover Systems}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2004}, volume = {3102}, pages = {1-11}} @ARTICLE{Ahn07, author = {Ahn, Hyo-Sung and Chen, YangQuan and Moore, Kevin L.}, title = {{Iterative Learning Control: Brief Survey and Categorization}}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews)}, year = {2007}, volume = {37}, pages = {1099--1121}, number = {6}, month = nov, doi = {10.1109/TSMCC.2007.905759}, issn = {1094-6977}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=4343981} } @ARTICLE{Alexander74, author = {Alexander, R. D.}, title = {The Evolution of Social Behaviour}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics}, year = {1974}, volume = {5}, pages = {325-383}, doi = {doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001545}} @ARTICLE{Alonso02, author = {Alonso, W. J. and Schuck-Paim, C.}, title = {Sex-Ratio Conflicts, Kin Selection, and the Evolution of Altruism}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.}, year = {2002}, volume = {99}, pages = {6843-6847} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Ampatzis05, author = {C.~Ampatzis and E.~Tuci and V.~Trianni and M.~Dorigo}, title = {Evolving communicating agents that integrate information over time: a real robot experiment}, booktitle = {{CDROM Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Evolution (EA 2005)}}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {In this paper we aim at designing artificial neural networks to control two autonomous robots that are required to solve a discrimination task based on time-dependent structures. The network should produce alternative actions according to the discrimination performed. Particular emphasis is given to the successful transfer of the evolved controllers on real robots. We also show that the system benefits from the emergence of a simple form of communication among the agents, both in simulation and in the real world, whose properties we analyse.} } @ARTICLE{Anderson02, author = {Anderson, C. and Theraulaz, G. and Deneubourg, J. -L.}, title = {Self-Assemblages in Insect Societies}, journal = {Insectes Soc}, year = {2002}, volume = {49}, pages = {99-110}} @ARTICLE{Andre95, author = {Andre, D.}, title = {The automatic programming of agents that learn mental models and create simple plans of action}, journal = {IJCAI-95: Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1995}, volume = {1}, pages = {741--747}, abstract = {An essential component of an intelligent agent is the ability to notice, encode, store, and utilize information about its environment. Traditional approaches to program induction have focused on evolving functional or reactive programs. This paper presents MAPMAKER, an approach to the automatic generation of agents that discover information about their environment, encode this information for later use, and create simple plans utilizing the stored mental models. In this approach, agents are multi-part computer programs that communicate through a shared memory. Both the programs and the representation scheme are evolved using genetic programming. An illustrative problem of 'gold' collection is used to demonstrate the approach in which one part of a program makes a map of the world and stores it in memory, and the other part uses this map to find the gold The results indicate that the approach can evolve programs that store simple representations of their environments and use these representations to produce simple plans.} } @INBOOK{Andre99, chapter = {Evolving Team Darwin United}, pages = {346--351}, title = {RoboCup-98: Robot Soccer World Cup II}, publisher = {Springer Berlin}, year = {1999}, author = {Andre, D. AND Teller, A.}, volume = {1604}, address = {Heidelberg}, abstract = {The RoboCup simulator competition is one of the most challenging international proving grounds for contemporary AI research. Exactly because of the high level of complexity and a lack of reliable strategic guidelines, the pervasive attitude has been that the problem can most successfully be attacked by human expertise, possibly assisted by some level of machine learning. This led, in RoboCup'97, to a field of simulator teams all of whose level and style of play were heavily influenced by the human designers of those teams. In contrast, our 1998 team was ``designed'' entirely by the process of genetic programming. Our evolved team placed in the middle of the pack at Robocup98, despite the fact that it was largely machine learned rather than hand coded. This paper presents our motivation, our approach, and the specific construction of our team that created itself from scratch.} } @ARTICLE{Andreoni93, author = {Andreoni, J. and Miller, J. H.}, title = {Rational Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma: Experimental Evidence}, journal = {The Economic Journal}, year = {1993}, volume = {103}, pages = {570-585}, number = {418} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Angeline93, author = {Angeline, P. J. AND Pollack, J. B.}, title = {Competitive environments evolve better solutions for complex tasks}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms}, year = {1993}, editor = {Stephanie Forrest}, abstract = {In the typical genetic algorithm experiment, the fitness function is constructed to be independent of the contents of the population to provide a con- sistent objective measure. Such objectivity entails significant knowledge about the environment which suggests either the problem has previously been solved or other non-evolutionary techniques may be more efficient. Furthermore, for many complex tasks an independent fitness function is either impractical or impossible to provide. In this paper, we demonstrate that competitive fit- ness functions, i.e. fitness functions that are dependent on the constituents of the population, can provide a more robust training environment than independent fitness functions. We describe three differing methods for competitive fitness, and discuss their respective advantages.} } @ARTICLE{Arai02, author = {Arai, T. and Pagello, E. and Parker, L. E.}, title = {Editorial: Advances in Multi-Robot Systems}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Robotics and Automation}, year = {2002}, volume = {18}, pages = {655-661}, number = {5}, month = {10} } @CONFERENCE{Arkin08, author = {Arkin, R.C.}, title = {{Governing lethal behavior: Embedding ethics in a hybrid deliberative/reactive robot architecture}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction}}, year = {2008}, pages = {121--128}, organization = {ACM} } @ARTICLE{Arkin00, author = {Arkin, R.}, title = {Guest Editorial}, year = {2000}} @MISC{Arkin98, author = {Arkin, R. and Balch, T.}, title = {Cooperative Multiagent Robotic Systems}, year = {1998}, booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Robots}, editor = {Kortenkamp, D. and Bonasso, R. P and Murphy, R.}, publisher = {MIT/AAAI Press} } @MISC{Awad96, author = {Sami B Awad}, title = {Ultrasonic Cavitations and Precision Cleaning}, howpublished = {internet}, year = {1996}, url = {http://www.p2pays.org/ref/02/01688.htm} } @ARTICLE{Axelrod05, author = {Axelrod, R. and}, title = {A Guide For Newcomers to Agent-Based Modeling in the Social Sciences}, journal = {Handbook of Computational Economics}, year = {2005}, volume = {2}, publisher = {North-Holland} } @BOOK{Axelrod97a, title = {The Complexity of Cooperation - Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {1997}, author = {Axelrod, R.} } @INBOOK{Axelrod97b, title = {Resources For Agent-Based Modeling}, year = {1997}, author = {Axelrod, R.}, booktitle = {The Complexity of Cooperation - Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration} } @ARTICLE{Axelrod85, author = {Axelrod, R.}, title = {Tips For an Academic Job Talk}, journal = {Political Science and Politics}, year = {1985}, volume = {28}, pages = {612-613} } @BOOK{Axelrod84, title = {The Evolution of Cooperation}, publisher = {Basic Books}, year = {1984}, author = {Axelrod, R.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Axelrod02, author = {Axelrod, R. and Riolo, R. L. and Cohen, M. D.}, title = {Beyond Geography: Cooperation With Persistent Links in the Absence of Clustered Neighborhoods}, journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review}, year = {2002}, volume = {6}, pages = {341-346}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Axtell00, author = {Axtell, R.}, title = {Why Agents? On the Varied Motivations For Agent Computing in the Social Sciences}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop On Agent Simulation: Applications, Models and Tools}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Argonne National Laboratory, IL.}} @ARTICLE{Baeck97, author = {Back, T. and Hammel, U. and Schwefel, H.P.}, title = {{Evolutionary computation: comments on the history and current state}}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on}, year = {1997}, volume = {1}, pages = {3--17}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Balch99, author = {Balch, T.}, title = {The Impact of Diversity On Performance in Multi-Robot Foraging}, journal = {International Conference On Autonomous Agents, Seattle, Washington, United States}, year = {1999}, pages = {92-99}} @PHDTHESIS{Balch98, author = {Balch, T.}, title = {Behavioral Diversity in Learning Robot Teams}, school = {Georgia Institute of Technology}, year = {1998} } @ARTICLE{Balch94, author = {Balch, T. and Arkin, R.}, title = {Communication in Reactive Multiagent Robotic Systems}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {1994}, volume = {1}, pages = {1-25}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Balch00, author = {Balch, T. and Parker, L. E.}, title = {Guest Editorial in Special Issue On Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Systems}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2000}, volume = {8}, pages = {207-208}, number = {3} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Baldassarre03a, author = {Baldassarre, G. and Nolfi, S. and Parisi, D.}, title = {Evolution of Collective Behavior in a Team of Physically Linked Robots}, booktitle = {Applications in Evolutionary Computing}, year = {2003}, editor = {Cagnoni, S. Et Al.}, pages = {581--592}, publisher = {Berlin: Springer Verlag}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences} } @ARTICLE{Baldassarre03b, author = {Baldassarre, G. and Nolfi, S. and Parisi, D.}, title = {Evolving Mobile Robots Able to Display Collective Behavior}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {2003}, volume = {9}, pages = {255-267}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Baldassarre04, author = {Baldassarre, G. and Parisi, D. and Nolfi, S.}, title = {Coordination and Behavior Integration in Cooperating Simulated Robots}, booktitle = {From Animals to Animats 8: Proceedings of the VIII International Conference On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior}, year = {2003}, editor = {S. Schaal and A. Ijspeert and A. Billard and S. Vijayakumar and J. Hallam and J-A. Meyer}, pages = {385--394}, address = {Cambridge (MA)}, publisher = {MIT Press}} @MISC{Ball04, author = {Ball, P.}, title = {The Common Good}, year = {2004}, media = {html}, publisher = {News@nature}, rating = {10} } @ARTICLE{Baray98, author = {Baray, C.}, title = {Effects of population size upon emergent group behavior}, journal = {Complexity International}, year = {1998}, volume = {6}, abstract = {Previous work defined a simple artificial world and evolved agents that utilized several effective communication schemes that aided the agents with a foraging task and predator avoidance . The agents were able to extend their average life span by coordinating their actions via undirected communication. The model did not force the agents to communicate -- instead the model was designed to explore the types of communication schemes that could evolve and the situations that facilitated the evolution of communication. This work examines some of the assumptions within the previous work. Specifically, population size is altered to study the effectiveness of the communication scheme over varying conditions. This work shows that the population size can effect the group behavior and introduces a method for quantifying the emergent effects of individuals upon group behavior. The results show that the coordination techniques developed in the previous work are not always beneficial and that this cooperative model displays diminishing returns.} } @ARTICLE{Baray97, author = {Baray, C.}, title = {Evolving cooperation via communication in homogeneous multi-agent systems}, journal = {Intelligent Information Systems, 1997. IIS'97. Proceedings}, year = {1997}, pages = {204--208}, abstract = {This paper describes a simulation of evolving communicating agents. This model does not explicitly force agents to communicate by directly rewarding communication, creating a structured communication protocol, or making a distinction between sender and receiver. Instead, the agents are given limited sensory capabilities and the communicative behavior emerges as a form of cooperation among the agents. The auditory signals are utilized by the agents to maximize performance in an unpredictable environment. Three types of signals emerged as useful in the system - a call for foraging, a general purpose recruitment call, and an alarm call.} } @ARTICLE{Bargh99, author = {J. A. Bargh AND T. L. Chartrand}, title = {The Unbearable Automaticity of Being}, journal = {American Psychologist}, year = {1999}, volume = {54}, pages = {462-479}, abstract = {What was noted by E. J. Langer (1978) remains true today: that much of contemporary psychological research is based on the assumption that people are consciously and systematically processing incoming information in order to construe and interpret their world and to plan and engage in courses of action. As did E. J. Langer, the authors question this assumption. First, they review evidence that the ability to exercise such conscious, intentional control is actually quite limited, so that most of moment-to-moment psychological life must occur through nonconscious means if it is to occur at all. The authors then describe the different possible mechanisms that produce automatic, environmental control over these various phenomena and review evidence establishing both the existence of these mechanisms as well as their consequences for judgments, emotions, and behavior. Three major forms of automatic self-regulation are identified: an automatic effect of perception on action, automatic goal pursuit, and a continual automatic evaluation of one's experience. From the accumulating evidence, the authors conclude that these various nonconscious mental systems perform the lion's share of the self-regulatory burden, beneficently keeping the individual grounded in his or her current environment.} } @CONFERENCE{Barrington09, author = {Barrington, L. and Oda, R. and Lanckriet, G.}, title = {{Smarter than genius? human evaluation of music recommender systems}}, booktitle = {International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval}, year = {2009}, organization = {Citeseer}, abstract = {Genius is a popular commercial music recommender sys- tem that is based on collaborative filtering of huge amounts of user data. To understand the aspects of music similarity that collaborative filtering can capture, we compare Genius to two canonical music recommender systems: one based purely on artist similarity, the other purely on similarity of acoustic content. We evaluate this comparison with a user study of 185 subjects. Overall, Genius produces the best recommendations. We demonstrate that collaborative filter- ing can actually capture similarities between the acoustic content of songs. However, when evaluators can see the names of the recommended songs and artists, we find that artist similarity can account for the performance of Genius. A system that combines these musical cues could generate music recommendations that are as good as Genius, even when collaborative filtering data is unavailable.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bassett00, author = {Bassett, Jeffrey K. AND De Jong, Kenneth A.}, title = {Evolving Behaviors for Cooperating Agents}, booktitle = {Foundations of Intelligent Systems: 12th International Symposium, ISMIS 2000, Proceedings.}, year = {2000}, editor = {Zbigniew W. Ras AND Setsuo Ohsuga}, pages = {157-165}, publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg}, chapter = {Evolving Behaviors for Cooperating Agents} } @INBOOK{Bassett04, chapter = {Evolving Behaviors for Cooperating Agents}, pages = {157}, title = {Foundations of Intelligent Systems: 12th International Symposium, ISMIS 2000, Charlotte, NC, USA, October 11-14, 2000. Proceedings}, publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg}, year = {2004}, author = {Bassett, J. K. AND De Jong, K. A.}, volume = {1932/2000}, abstract = {A good deal of progress has been made in the past few years in the design and implementation of control programs for autonomous agents. A natural extension of this work is to consider solving difficult tasks with teams of cooperating agents. Our interest in this area is motivated in part by our involvement in a Navy-sponsored micro air vehicle (MAV) project in which the goal is to solve difficult surveillance tasks using a large team of small inexpensive autonomous air vehicles rather than a few expensive piloted vehicles. Our approach to developing control programs for these MAVs is to use evolutionary computation techniques to evolve behavioral rule sets. In this paper we describe our architecture for achieving this, and we present some of our initial results.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Beard03, author = {Beard, R. W. and McLain, T. W.}, title = {Multiple {UAV} Cooperative Search Under Collision Avoidance and Limited Range Communication Constraints}, year = {2003}, volume = {1}, pages = {25 - 30}, publisher = {Decision and Control}, journal = {Proceedings. 42nd IEEE Conference On Decision and Control} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Beckers94, author = {Beckers, R. and Holland, OE and Deneubourg, J.L.}, title = {{From local actions to global tasks: Stigmergy and collective robotics}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of Artificial Life IV}}, year = {1994}, volume = {181}, pages = {189} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Beetz10, author = {Michael Beetz and Lorenz M\"osenlechner and Moritz Tenorth}, title = {{CRAM -- A Cognitive Robot Abstract Machine for Everyday Manipulation in Human Environments}}, booktitle = {IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent RObots and Systems.}, year = {2010}, abstract = {ThispaperdescribesCRAM(CognitiveRobot Abstract Machine) as a software toolbox for the design, the implementation, and the deployment of cognition-enabled au- tonomous robots performing everyday manipulation activities. CRAM equips autonomous robots with lightweight reasoning mechanisms that can infer control decisions rather than re- quiring the decisions to be preprogrammed. This way CRAM- programmed autonomous robots are much more flexible, reli- able, and general than control programs that lack such cognitive capabilities. CRAM does not require the whole domain to be stated explicitly in an abstract knowledge base. Rather, it grounds symbolic expressions in the knowledge representation into the perception and actuation routines and into the essential data structures of the control programs. In the accompanying video, we show complex mobile manipulation tasks performed by our household robot that were realized using the CRAM infrastructure.} } @ARTICLE{Benkler04, author = {Benkler, Yochai}, title = {INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: Commons-Based Strategies and the Problems of Patents}, journal = {Science}, year = {2004}, volume = {305}, pages = {1110-1111}, number = {5687} } @ARTICLE{Bertram03, author = {Bertram, S. M. and Gorelick, R. and Fewell, J. H.}, title = {Colony Reponse to Graded Resource Changes: an Analytical Model of the Influence of Genotype, Environment, and Dominance}, journal = {Theor. Popul. Biol.}, year = {2003}, volume = {64}, pages = {151-162}} @ARTICLE{Beshers01, author = {Beshers, S. N. and Fewell, J. H.}, title = {Models of Division of Labor in Social Insects}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Entomol.}, year = {2001}, volume = {46}, pages = {413-440}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Beshers01b, author = {S. N. Beshers and Z. Y. Huang, Y. Oono and G. E. Robinson}, title = {Social Inhibition and the Regulation of Temporal Polyethism in Honey Bees}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {2001}, volume = {213}, number = {3} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Beyeler06, author = {Beyeler, A. and Mattiussi, C. and Zufferey, J.-C. and Floreano, D.}, title = {Vision-based altitude and pitch estimation for ultra-light indoor microflyers}, booktitle = {Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006. Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on}, year = {2006}, pages = {2836--2841} } @ARTICLE{Bianco04, author = {Bianco, R. and Nolfi, S.}, title = {Toward Open-Ended Evolutionary Robotics: Evolving Elementary Robotic Units Able to Self-Assemble and Self-Reproduce}, journal = {Connection Science}, year = {2004}, volume = {16}, pages = {227-248}, number = {4} } @MISC{Birch00, author = {William R. Birch}, title = {Coatings: An introduction to the cleaning procedures}, howpublished = {internet}, year = {2000}, url = {http://www.solgel.com/articles/June00/Birch/cleaning.htm} } @MISC{SRA-Europe-2006, author = {Rainer Bischoff and others ...}, title = {EUROP Strategic Research Agenda (RSA)}, year = {2006} } @MISC{Bischoff10b, author = {Rainer Bischoff and Rikardo Bueno and Jose Carlos Caldeira and George Chryssolouris and Dimitris Mavrikios and Chris Decubber and Jos Pinte and Sue Dunkerton and Katharina Flaig and Markus Wilkens and Christoph Hanisch and Dietmar Goericke and Frank Knecht and Uwe Kubach and Klaus-Dieter Platte and Massimo Mattucci and Eckhard Meiners and Geoff Pegman and Edoardo Rabino and Daniel Richet and Michel Carton and Jean Arcamone and Egbert-Jan Sol and Arun Junai and Marco Taisch and Tullio Tolio}, title = {Factories of the Future PPP - Strategic Multi-annual Roadmap}, year = {2010} } @ARTICLE{Bischoff04, author = {Bischoff, R. and Graefe, V.}, title = {HERMES - a versatile personal robotic assistant}, journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE}, year = {2004}, volume = {92}, pages = { 1759 - 1779}, number = {11}, month = {nov.}, abstract = { We have developed a humanoid robot, HERMES, to study several key technologies that are important for personal robots, such as robot design, sensors and perception, locomotion, localization and navigation, manipulation, human-robot communication and interaction, adaptability and learning, system architecture and integration, and dependability. The robot's skill-based system architecture was derived from a qualitative model of human information processing and insights gained from psychological literature dealing with skill acquisition, human performance and motor learning. HERMES' system architecture, several of its skills and the design principles are introduced, and some experiments carried out with the real robot are presented, including a long-term test where HERMES served in a museum, far away from its home laboratory, for more than six months up to 12 hours per day. During this period the robot and its skills were regularly demonstrated to the public by nonexpert presenters. Also, HERMES interacted with the visitors, chatted with them in English, French and German, answered questions and performed services as requested by them.}, doi = {10.1109/JPROC.2004.835381}, issn = {0018-9219}, keywords = { HERMES; adaptability; human information processing; human performance; human-robot communication; human-robot interaction; humanoid robot; localization; locomotion; long term test; manipulation; motor learning; museum; navigation; nonexpert presenters; perception; qualitative model; robot design; robot skill based system architecture; sensors; skill acquisition; system dependability; system integration; versatile personal robotic assistant; learning (artificial intelligence); man-machine } @ARTICLE{Bischoff10, author = {Bischoff, R. and Guhl, T. and Wendel, A. and Khatami, F. and Bruyninckx, H. and Siciliano, B. and Pegman, G. and H{\\"a}gele, M. and Prassler, E. and Ibarbia, J.A. and others}, title = {{euRobotics-Shaping the future of European robotics}}, journal = {Proceedings-ISR/ROBOTIK 2010}, year = {2010}, publisher = {VDE VERLAG GmbH} } @MISC{SRA-Europe-2010, author = {Rainer Bischoff and others}, title = {Strategic Research Agenda EUROP}, year = {2010} } @ARTICLE{Bizer09, author = {Bizer, C. and Heath, T. and Berners-Lee, T.}, title = {{Linked data-the story so far}}, journal = {International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems}, year = {2009}, volume = {5}, pages = {1--22}, number = {3} } @ARTICLE{Blumenthal06, author = {Blumenthal, H. J. and Parker, G. B.}, title = {Benchmarking Punctuated Anytime Learning For Evolving a Multi-Agent Team's Binary Controllers}, journal = {Proceedings of the World Automation Congress WAC 2006, Budapest}, year = {2006}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Blumenthal04, author = {Blumenthal, H. J. and Parker, G. B.}, title = {Co-Evolving Team Capture Strategies For Dissimilar Robots}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI 2004 Symposium On Artificial Multiagent Learning, Washington.}, year = {2004}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Blynel03, author = {Blynel, J. and Floreano, D.}, title = {Exploring the T-Maze: Evolving Learning-Like Robot Behaviours Using CTRNNs}, booktitle = {2nd European Workshop On Evolutionary Robotics}, year = {2003}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Boehme98, author = {Bohme, T. and Schmucker, U. and Elkmann, N. and Sack, M.}, title = {{Service robots for facade cleaning}}, booktitle = {Industrial Electronics Society, 1998. IECON '98. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the IEEE}, year = {1998}, volume = {2}, abstract = {The paper describes a service robot which has been developed and realized for glass facade cleaning. It is the world's first fully automatic system for cleaning vaulted glass facades. The shape of the building which has to be cleaned is a special semi cylinder of glass and steel. The robot moves through the facade-side mechanical construction of the building and cleans the facade outside. The design, the mode of robot operation and the control concept are described}, journal = {Industrial Electronics Society, 1998. IECON'98. Proceedings of the } @ARTICLE{Bonabeau98a, author = {Bonabeau, E.}, title = {Fixed Response Thresholds and the Regulation of Division of Labor in Insect Societies}, journal = {Bull. Math. Biol.}, year = {1998}, volume = {60}, pages = {753-807}, FIXED threshold model for division of labour; includes exp. evidence and task switching costs and task dependent stimuli exposure and specialisation and temporal polyethism. Only tries to model natural system without thinking about additional system optimization possibilities}, media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Bonabeau99, title = {Swarm Intelligence - From Natural to Artificial Systems}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Bonabeau, E. and Dorigo, M. and Theraulaz, G.}, address = {New York, NY}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Bonabeau00b, author = {Bonabeau, E. and Gu{\'e}rin, S. and Snyers, D. and Kuntz, P. and Theraulaz, G.}, title = {Three-Dimensional Architectures Grown By Simple 'Stigmergic' Agents}, journal = {BioSystems}, year = {2000}, volume = {56}, pages = {13-32}} @TECHREPORT{Bonabeau98b, author = {Bonabeau, E and Sobkowski, A and Theraulaz, G and Deneubourg, J. -L.}, title = {Adaptive Task Allocation Inspired By a Model of Division of Labor in Social Insects}, year = {1998}, journal = {Working Paper}, media = {"pdf"}, pages = {1 - 11}, publisher = {Santa Fe Institute} } @ARTICLE{Bonabeau00, author = {Bonabeau, E. and Theraulaz, G.}, title = {Swarm Smarts}, journal = {Scientific American}, year = {2000}, pages = {82-90}, month = {4}, in other contexts (p. 79), bank loans and corpse sorting (p.78)}, media = {pdf} } @ARTICLE{Bonabeau96, author = {Bonabeau, E. and Theraulaz, G. and Deneubourg, J. -L.}, title = {Quantitative Study of the Fixed Threshold Model For the Regulation of Division of Labour in Insect Societies}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.}, year = {1996}, volume = {263}, pages = {1565-1569}, month = {11}, publisher = {The Royal Society} } @ARTICLE{Bonabeau97, author = {Bonabeau, E. and Theraulaz, G. and Deneubourg, J. -L. and Serge, A. and Camazine, S.}, title = {Self-Organization in Social Insects}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {1997}, volume = {12}, pages = {188-193}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Bongard00, author = {Bongard, J. C.}, title = {Reducing Collective Behavioural Complexity through Heterogeneity}, booktitle = {Artificial Life VII: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference}, year = {2000}, editor = {M. Bedau et al}, pages = {327-336}, } @INBOOK{Bongard00a, chapter = {The Legion System: A Novel Approach to Evolving Heterogeneity for Collective Problem Solving}, pages = {16-28}, title = {Genetic Programming}, publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg}, year = {2000}, author = {Bongard, J. C.}, volume = {1802/2004}, abstract = {We investigate the dynamics of agent groups evolved to perform a collective task, and in which the behavioural heterogeneity of the group is under evolutionary control. Two task domains are studied: solutions are evolved for the two tasks using an evolutionary algorithm called the Legion system. A new metric of heterogeneity is also introduced, which measures the heterogeneity of any evolved group behaviour. It was found that the amount of heterogeneity evolved in an agent group is dependent of the given problem domain: for the first task, the Legion system evolved heterogeneous groups; for the second task, primarily homogeneous groups evolved. We conclude that the proposed system, in conjunction with the introduced heterogeneity measure, can be used as a tool for investigating various issues concerning redundancy, robustness and division of labour in the context of evolutionary approaches to collective problem solving.} } @UNPUBLISHED{Bongard99, author = {Bongard, J. C.}, title = {Divide and Conquer: A Novel Approach to the Design of Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Systems}, year = {1999} } @ARTICLE{Bongard04, author = {Bongard, J. C. and Lipson, H.}, title = {Automated Robot Function Recovery After Unanticipated Failure Or Environmental Change Using a Minimum of Hardware Trials}, journal = { Evolvable Hardware, 2004. Proceedings. 2004 NASA/DoD Conference On}, year = {2004}, pages = {169-176}, doi = {10.1109/EH.2004.1310827}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Bongard01, author = {Bongard, J. C. and Paul, C.}, title = {Making Evolution an Offer It Can't Refuse: Morphology and the Extradimensional Bypass}, booktitle = {ECAL 2001}, year = {2001}, editor = {Kelemen, J. and Sosik, P.}, pages = {401-412}, publisher = {Springer Verlag Berlin}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Bongard06, author = {Bongard, J. C. AND Zykov, V. AND Lipson, H.}, title = {Resilient Machines Through Continuous Self-Modeling}, journal = {Science}, year = {2006}, volume = {314}, pages = {1118 -1121}, abstract = {Animals sustain the ability to operate after injury by creating qualitatively different compensatory behaviors. Although such robustness would be desirable in engineered systems, most machines fail in the face of unexpected damage. We describe a robot that can recover from such change autonomously, through continuous self-modeling. A four-legged machine uses actuation-sensation relationships to indirectly infer its own structure, and it then uses this self-model to generate forward locomotion. When a leg part is removed, it adapts the self-models, leading to the generation of alternative gaits. This concept may help develop more robust machines and shed light on self-modeling in animals.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1133687} } @MISC{Borthakur07, author = {Dhruba Borthakur}, title = {The Hadoop Distributed File System: Architecture and Design}, year = {2007}, url = {http://hadoop.apache.org/common/docs/current/hdfs-design.html} } @ARTICLE{Bortnikov09, author = {Bortnikov, E.}, title = {{Open-source grid technologies for web-scale computing}}, journal = {ACM SIGACT News}, year = {2009}, volume = {40}, pages = {87--93}, number = {2}, publisher = {ACM} } @ARTICLE{Botee98, author = {Botee, H.M. and Bonabeau, E.}, title = {Evolving Ant Colony Optimization}, journal = {Advances in Complex Systems}, year = {1998}, volume = {1}, pages = {149--159}, number = {2/3}, abstract = {Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a promising new approach to combinatorial optimization. Here ACO is applied to the traveling salesman problem (TSP). Using a genetic algorithm (GA) to nd the best set of parameters, we demonstrate the good performance of ACO in nding good solutions to the TSP.} } @BOOK{Bourke95, title = {Social Evolution in Ants}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Bourke, A. F. G. and Franks, N. R.}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, booktitle = {Social Evolution in Ants} } @MISC{Bourne06, author = {Bourne, P. E.; Friedberg, I.}, title = {Ten simple rules for selecting a postdoctoral position}, howpublished = {PLOS, Vol. 2, Issue 11, e121, pp 1327-28}, year = {2006}, } @BOOK{Braitenberg86, title = {Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology}, publisher = {Bradford Books and MIT Press}, year = {1986}, author = {Braitenberg, V.}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Brawn08, author = {Timothy P. Brawn AND Kimberly M. Fenn AND Howard C. Nusbaum AND Daniel Margoliash}, title = {Consolidation of Sensorimotor Learning During Sleep}, journal = {Learning Memory}, year = {2008}, volume = {15}, pages = {815-819}, doi = {doi: 10.1101/lm.1180908} } @ARTICLE{Breed04, author = {Breed, M. D. and Guzman-Novoa, E. and Hunt, G. J.}, title = {Defensive Behaviour in the Honey Bee: Organization, Genetics, and Comparisons With Other Bees}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Entomol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {49}, pages = {271-98}} @ARTICLE{Bristow06, author = {Bristow, D.A. and Tharayil, Marina and Alleyne, A.G.}, title = {{A survey of iterative learning control}}, journal = {IEEE Control Systems Magazine}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, pages = {96--114}, number = {3}, month = jun, doi = {10.1109/MCS.2006.1636313}, issn = {0272-1708}, keywords = {ILC,survey}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1636313} } @ARTICLE{Brooks91b, author = {Brooks, R.A.}, title = {{Intelligence without Representation}}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1991}, volume = {47}, pages = {139--159}, number = {1-3}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence research has foundered on the issue of representation. When intelligence is approached in an incremental manner, with strict reliance on interfacing to the real world through perception and action, reliance on representation disappears. In this paper we outline our approach to incrementally building complete intelligent Creatures. The fundamental decomposition of the intelligent system is not into independent information processing units which must interface with each other via representations. Instead, the intelligent system is decomposed into independent and parallel activity producers which all interface directly to the world through perception and action, rather than interface to each other particularly much. The notions of central and peripheral systems evaporate -- everything is both central and peripheral. Based on these principles we have built a very successful series of mobile robots which operate without supervision as Creatures in standard office environments.}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Brooks92, author = {Brooks, R. A.}, title = {Artificial Life and Real Robots}, booktitle = {Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems}, year = {1992}, editor = {Francisco, J. and Bourgine, V. and Brougine, P.}, pages = {3-10}, howpublished = {MIT Press} } @ARTICLE{Brooks91a, author = {Brooks, R. A.}, title = {Intelligence Without Reason}, journal = {AI Memo No. 1293}, year = {1991}, month = {4}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Brooks90, author = {Brooks, R. A.}, title = {Elephants Dont Play Chess}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {1990}, volume = {6}, pages = {01.03.2015}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Brooks86, author = {Brooks, R. A.}, title = {A Robust Layered Control System For a Mobile Robot}, journal = {Robotics and Automation, IEEE Journal of [legacy, pre-1988]}, year = {1986}, volume = {2}, pages = {14--23}, number = {1}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Brosnan03, author = {Brosnan, S. F. and De Waal, F. B. M.}, title = {Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2003}, volume = {425}, pages = {297-299} } @ARTICLE{Brugali09, author = {Davide Brugali AND Patrizia Scandurra}, title = {Component-Based Robotic Engineering, Part I: Reusable Building Blocks}, journal = {IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine}, year = {2009}, pages = {84-96}, doi = {doi 10.1109/MRA.2009.934837} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bryant03, author = {Bryant, B.D. AND Miikkulainen, R.}, title = {Neuroevolution for adaptive teams}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC '03}, year = {2003}, volume = {3}, pages = {2194-2201}, abstract = {We introduce the adaptive team of agents (ATA), a system of homogeneous agents with identical control policies which nevertheless adopt heterogeneous roles appropriate to their environment. ATAs have applications in domains such as games, and can be evolved through neuroevolution. In this paper we show how ATAs can be evolved to solve the problem posed by a simple strategy game and discuss their application to richer environments.}, doi = {10.1109/CEC.2003.1299944} } @ARTICLE{Bull97, author = {Bull, L. and Holland, O.}, title = {Evolutionary Computing in Multiagent Environments: Eusociality}, journal = {Proceedings of the Annual Conference On Genetic Programming}, year = {1997}, pages = {347-352}, editor = {Koza, R. Et Al.}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, review = {only paper} } @MISC{Bullock95, author = {Bullock, S.}, title = {Co-Evolutionary Design: Implications For Evolutionary Robotics, Science Research Paper 384}, year = {1995}, media = {"pdf"}, school = {University of Sussex Cognitive} } @ARTICLE{Burger99, author = {Burger, J.M.}, title = {{The foot-in-the-door compliance procedure: A multiple-process analysis and review}}, journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review}, year = {1999}, volume = {3}, pages = {303}, number = {4}, abstract = {Research on the social compliance procedure known as the footin-the-door (FITD) technique is reviewed. Several psychological processes that may be set in motion with a FITD manipulation are identified: self-perception, psychological reactance, conformity, consistency, attributions, and commitment. A review of relevant investigations and several meta-analyses support the notion that each of these processes can influence compliance behavior in the FITD situation. I argue that the combined effects of these processes can account for successful FITD demonstrations as well as studies in which the technique was ineffective or led to a decrease in compliance. The experimental conditions most likely to produce an FITD effect are identified.} } @ARTICLE{Burgoyne06, author = {Burgoyne, C. B.; Lea, S. E. G.}, title = {PSYCHOLOGY: Money Is Material}, journal = {Science}, year = {2006}, volume = {314}, pages = {1091 -1092}, abstract = {The psychology of money is now being studied experimentally. Even thinking about money changes behavior in reliable ways.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1132491} } @BOOK{Back96, title = {{Evolutionary Algorithms in Theory and Practice: evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, genetic algorithms}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1996}, author = {B{\"a}ck, T.} } @OTHER{Caduff89, abstract = {The present invention is directed to a self-contained apparatus for cleaning the vertical surface of a building exterior, including washing, rinsing and drying the windows. The apparatus is positioned by an operator above a vertical row of windows and then remotely operated to clean the exterior building surface as the apparatus descends. The apparatus consists of a housing having a washing chamber, a rinsing chamber, and a drying chamber. The washing chamber has a plurality of cleaning fluid spray heads, a sonic agitator for impinging sonic energy onto the cleaning fluid to aid in removing dirt from the windows, air seals for retaining the fluid in the chamber, and a plurality of air wipes for removing the fluid from the building surface. The rinsing chamber has a plurality of rinsing liquid spray heads, a plurality of air seals to contain the rinsing fluid within the chamber and a plurality of air wipes for removing the fluid from the building surface. The washing chamber,...}, author = {Caduff}, title = {Building Exterior Cleaning Apparatus}, url = {http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4797969&id=5w0yAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=Building+exterior+cleaning+apparatus}, year = {1989} } @ARTICLE{Cahan04, author = {Cahan, H. S. and Julian, G. E. and Rissing, S. W. and Schwander, T. and Parker J. D. and Keller, L.}, title = {Loss of Phenotypic Plasticity Generates Genotype-Caste Association in Harvester Ants}, journal = {Current Biology}, year = {2004}, volume = {14}, pages = {2277-2282}, number = {24}, month = {12} } @INBOOK{Calabi88, pages = {237-258}, title = {Behavioral Flexibility in Hymenoptera: A Re-Examination of the Concept of Caste}, publisher = {J. C. Trager (Ed.), Leiden: Brill Press}, year = {1988}, author = {Calabi, P.}, booktitle = {Advances in Myrmecology}} @ARTICLE{Calderone88, author = {Calderone, N. W. and Page Jr, R. E.}, title = {Genotypic Variability in Age Polyethism and Task Specialisation in the Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {1988}, volume = {22}, pages = {17-25}, doi = {10.1007/BF00395694}} @ARTICLE{Calegari99, author = {Calegari, P. and Coray, G. and Hertz, A. and Kobler, D. and Kuonen, P.}, title = {A Taxonomy of Evolutionary Algorithms in Combinatorial Optimization}, journal = {Journal of Heuristics}, year = {1999}, volume = {5}, pages = {145-158} } @ARTICLE{Calo10a, author = {Calo, Ryan }, title = {{Robots and Privacy}}, journal = {ROBOT ETHICS: THE ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS, Patrick Lin, George Bekey, and Keith Abney, eds., Cambridge: MIT Press, Forthcoming}, year = {2010}, keywords = {robots, robotics, privacy}, language = {English}, location = {http://ssrn.com/paper=1599189}, publisher = {SSRN}, type = {Accepted Paper Series} } @ARTICLE{Calo10b, author = {Calo, Ryan }, title = {{Section 230 Immunity for Personal Robotics}}, journal = {SSRN eLibrary}, year = {2010}, keywords = {robots, robotics, tort, product liability, Internet, Section 230}, language = {English}, location = {http://ssrn.com/paper=1508892}, publisher = {SSRN}, type = {Working Paper Series} } @BOOK{Camazine03, title = {{Self-Organization in Biological Systems}}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {2003}, author = {Camazine, S. and Franks, N.R. and Sneyd, J. and Bonabeau, E. and } @ARTICLE{Cangelosi01, author = {Cangelosi, A.}, title = {Evolution of communication and language using signals, symbols, and words}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on}, year = {2001}, volume = {5}, pages = {93-101}, abstract = {This paper describes different types of models for the evolution of communication and language. It uses the distinction between signals, symbols, and words for the analysis of evolutionary models of language. In particular, it shows how evolutionary computation techniques such as artificial life can be used to study the emergence of syntax and symbols from simple communication signals. Initially, a computational model that evolves repertoires of isolated signal is presented. This study has simulated the emergence of signals for naming foods in a population of foragers. This type of model studies communication systems based on simple signal-object associations. Subsequently, models that study the emergence of grounded symbols are discussed in general, including a detailed description of a work on the evolution of simple syntactic rules. This model focuses on the emergence of symbol-symbol relationships in evolved languages. Finally, computational models of syntax acquisition and evolution are discussed. These different types of computational models provide an operational definition of the signal/symbol/word distinction. The simulation and analysis of these types of models will help to understand the role of symbols and symbol acquisition in the origin of language}, doi = {10.1109/4235.918429} } @ARTICLE{Cangelosi99, author = {Cangelosi, A.}, title = {Modeling the Evolution of Communication: From Stimulus Associations to Grounded Symbolic Associations}, year = {1999}, howpublished = {Ecal 99}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Cangelosi98, author = {Cangelosi, A. AND Parisi, D.}, title = {The Emergence of a 'Language' in an Evolving Population of Neural Networks}, journal = {Connection Science}, year = {1998}, volume = {10}, pages = {83-97}, abstract = {The evolution of language implies the parallel evolution of an ability to respond appropriately to signals (language understanding) and an ability to produce the appropriate signals in the appropriate circumstances (language production). When linguistic signals are produced to inform other individuals, individuals that respond appropriately to these signals may increase their reproductive chances but it is less clear what the reproductive advantage is for the language producers. We present simulations in which populations of neural networks living in an environment evolve a simple language with an informative function. Signals are produced to help other individuals categorize edible and poisonous mushrooms, in order to decide whether to approach or avoid encountered mushrooms. Language production, while not under direct evolutionary pressure, evolves as a byproduct of the independently evolving perceptual ability to categorize mushrooms.}, see Mirolli05} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Cao97, author = {Cao, Y. U. and Fukunage, A. S. and Kahng, A. B.}, title = {Cooperative Mobile Robotics: Antecedents and Directions}, booktitle = {Expanded Version of 1995 IEEE/RSJ IROS Conference Proceedings}, year = {1997}, pages = {7--27}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, media = {"pdf"} } @PHDTHESIS{Caprari03, author = {Caprari, G.}, title = {Autonomous Micro-Robots: Applications and Limitations}, school = {Ecole polytechnique f\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL)}, year = {2003}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Caprari05, author = {Caprari, G. and Siegwart, R.}, title = {Mobile Micro-Robots Ready to Use: Alice}, booktitle = {Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference On Intelligent Robots and Systems}, year = {2005}} @ARTICLE{Castano02, author = {Castano, A. and Behar, A. and Will, P.}, title = {CONRO Modules For Reconfigurable Robots, The}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Mechatronics}, year = {2002}, volume = {7}, pages = {403-409}, number = {4}, media = {"ps"} } @MISC{Chaimowicz01, author = {Chaimowicz, L. and Campos, M. and Kumar, V.}, title = {{Simulating Loosely and Tightly Coupled Multi-Robot Cooperation}}, howpublished = {5th Brazilian Symposium on Intel ligent Automation (SBAI). Canela, RS, Brazil.}, year = {2001} } @ARTICLE{Chang06, author = {Fay Chang AND Jeffrey Dean AND Sanjay Ghemawat AND Wilson C. Hsieh AND Deborah A. Wallach AND Mike Burrows AND Tushar Chandra AND Andrew Fikes and Robert E. Gruber}, title = {Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data}, journal = {OSDI'06: Seventh Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation}, year = {2006} } @CONFERENCE{Chang07b, author = {Chang, H.J. and Lee, C.S.G. and Hu, Y.C. and Lu, Y.H.}, title = {{Multi-robot SLAM with topological/metric maps}}, booktitle = {{Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2007. IROS 2007. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on}}, year = {2007}, pages = {1467--1472}, organization = {{IEEE}}, abstract = {In recent years, the success of single-robot SLAM has led to more multi-robot SLAM (MR-SLAM) research. A team of robots with MR-SLAM can explore an environment more efficiently and reliably; however, MR-SLAM also raises many challenging problems, including map fusion, unknown robot poses and scalability issues. The first two problems can be considered as an optimization problem of finding a consistent joint map based on robots’ relative poses and sensory data. This optimization problem exhibits a similar property of a single- robot topological/metric mapping. To exploit this property, we propose a multi-robot SLAM (MR-SLAM) algorithm, which builds a graph-like topological map with vertices representing local metric maps and edges describing relative positions of adjacent local maps. In this MR-SLAM algorithm, the map fusion between two robots can be naturally done by adding an edge that connects two topological maps, and the estimation of relative robot pose is simply performed by optimizing this edge. For the third scalable problem, the proposed algorithm is also scalable to the number of robots and the size of an environment. Computer simulations with a public data set and experimental work on Pioneer 3-DX robots have been conducted to validate the performance of the proposed MR-SLAM algorithm. Index Terms— Mobile robotics, simultaneous localization and mapping, multi-robot systems.} } @ARTICLE{Chang07a, author = {Chang, H.J. and Lee, C.S.G. and Lu, Y.H. and Hu, Y.C.}, title = {{P-SLAM: Simultaneous localization and mapping with environmental-structure prediction}}, journal = {{Robotics, IEEE Transactions on}}, year = {2007}, volume = {23}, pages = {281--293}, number = {2}, abstract = {Abstract—Traditionally, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms solve the localization and mapping problem in explored regions. This paper presents a prediction-based SLAM al- gorithm (called P-SLAM), which has an environmental-structure predictor to predict the structure inside an unexplored region (i.e., look-ahead mapping). The prediction process is based on the ob- servation of the surroundings of an unexplored region and com- paring it with the built map of explored regions. If a similar en- vironment/structure is matched in the map of explored regions, a hypothesis is generated to indicate that a similar structure has been explored before. If the environment has repeated structures, the mobile robot can use the predicted structure as a virtual map- ping, and decide whether or not to explore the unexplored region to save the exploration time. If the mobile robot decides to explore the unexplored region, a correct prediction can be used to speed up the SLAM process and build a more accurate map. We have also derived the Bayesian formulation of P-SLAM to show its com- pact recursive form for real-time operation. We have experimen- tally implemented the proposed P-SLAM on a Pioneer 3-DX mo- bile robot using a Rao–Blackwellized particle filter in real time. Computer simulations and experimental results validated the per- formance of the proposed P-SLAM and its effectiveness in indoor environments. Index Terms—Bayes procedures, environmental-structure pre- diction, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM).}, issn = {1552-3098}, publisher = {IEEE} } @ARTICLE{Chang03, author = {Chang, Y.H. and Ho, T. and Kaelbling, L.P.}, title = {All learning is local: Multi-agent learning in global reward games}, journal = {Proceedings of Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS-03)}, year = {2003}, abstract = {In large multiagent games, partial observability, coordination, and credit assignment persistently plague attempts to design good learning algorithms. We provide a simple and efficient algorithm that in part uses a linear system to model the world from a single agent’s limited perspective, and takes advantage of Kalman filtering to allow an agent to construct a good training signal and effectively learn a near-optimal policy in a wide variety of settings. A sequence of increasingly complex empirical tests verifies the efficacy of this technique.}, } @INBOOK{Chao60, chapter = {Models in linguistics and models in general.}, title = {Logic, methodology and philosophy of science}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = {1960}, editor = {E. Nagel AND P. Suppes AND A. Tarski} } @ARTICLE{Chapuisat99, author = {Chapuisat, M. and Keller, L.}, title = {Cooperation Among Selfish Individuals in Insect Societies}, journal = {BioScience}, year = {1999}, volume = {49}, pages = {899-909}} @ARTICLE{Chapuisat04, author = {Chapuisat, M. and Krieger, M. J. B. and Billeter, J. B.}, title = {Variable Queen Number in Ant Colonies: No Impact On Queen Turnover, Inbreeding and Population Genetic Differentiation in the Ant Formica Selysi}, journal = {Evolution}, year = {2004}, volume = {58}, pages = {1064--1072}, number = {5}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Charbonneau06, author = {Charbonneau, R. and Scales, C. and Breukelaar, I. and Fafard, S. and Lahoud, N. and Mattiussi, G. and Berini, P.}, title = {Passive integrated optics elements based on long-range surface plasmon polaritons}, journal = {Lightwave Technology, Journal of}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, pages = {477--494}, number = {1}, month = {Jan.} } @ARTICLE{Charnov76, author = {Charnov, E. L.}, title = {Optimal Foraging, the Marginal Value Theorem}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {1976}, volume = {9}, pages = {129-136}, number = {2}, month = {4} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Chitta10, author = {Sachin Chitta and Matthew Piccoli and J{\"u}rgen Sturm}, title = {Tactile Object Class and Internal State Recognition for Mobile Manipulation}, year = {2010}, address = {Anchorage, Alaska} } @ARTICLE{Chuang09, author = {Chuang, J.S. and Rivoire, O. and Leibler, S.}, title = {{Simpson's Paradox in a Synthetic Microbial System}}, journal = {Science}, year = {2009}, volume = {323}, pages = {272}, number = {5911}, publisher = {AAAS} } @ARTICLE{Cialdini04, author = {Cialdini, R.B. and Goldstein, N.J.}, title = {{Social influence: Compliance and conformity}}, year = {2004}, volume = {55}, pages = {591–621}, abstract = {This review covers recent developments in the social influence liter- ature, focusing primarily on compliance and conformity research published between 1997 and 2002. The principles and processes underlying a target’s susceptibility to out- side influences are considered in light of three goals fundamental to rewarding human functioning. Specifically, targets are motivated to form accurate perceptions of reality and react accordingly, to develop and preserve meaningful social relationships, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Consistent with the current movement in compliance and conformity research, this review emphasizes the ways in which these goals interact with external forces to engender social influence processes that are subtle, indirect, and outside of awareness.}, doi = {doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015}, publisher = {Annual Reviews} } @CONFERENCE{Ciocarlie10, author = {Matei Ciocarlie AND Gary Bradski AND Kaijen Hsiao AND Peter Brook}, title = {A Dataset for Grasping and Manipulation using ROS}, booktitle = {IROS 2010}, year = {2010} } @CONFERENCE{Civera11, author = {Javier Civera AND Dorian Galvez-Lopez AND L. Riazuelo AND Juan D. Tardos AND J. M. M. Montiel}, title = {Semantic Mapping by Merging Monocular SLAM with 3D Object Models}, booktitle = {ICRA 2011} } @ARTICLE{Civera10, author = {Javier Civera AND Óscar G. Grasa AND Andrew J. Davison AND J. M. M. Montiel}, title = {{1-Point RANSAC for EKF Filtering. Application to Real-Time Structure from Motion and Visual Odometry}}, journal = {Journal of Field Robotics}, year = {2010}, volume = {27}, pages = {609-631} } @ARTICLE{Cliff93, author = {Cliff, D. and Harvey, I. and Husbands, P.}, title = {Explorations in Evolutionary Robotics}, journal = {Adaptive Behavior}, year = {1993}, volume = {2}, pages = {73-110}} @ARTICLE{Coates09, author = {John M. Coates AND Mark Gurnell AND Aldo Rustichini}, title = {Second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts success among high-frequency financial traders}, journal = {PNAS}, year = {2009}, volume = {106}, pages = {623-628}, abstract = {Prenatal androgens have important organizing effects on brain development and future behavior. The second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) has been proposed as a marker of these prenatal androgen effects, a relatively longer fourth finger indicating higher prenatal androgen exposure. 2D:4D has been shown to predict success in highly competitive sports. Yet, little is known about the effects of prenatal androgens on an economically influential class of competitive risk taking—trading in the financial world. Here, we report the findings of a study conducted in the City of London in which we sampled 2D:4D from a group of male traders engaged in what is variously called “noise” or “high-frequency” trading. We found that 2D:4D predicted the traders' long-term profitability as well as the number of years they remained in the business. 2D:4D also predicted the sensitivity of their profitability to increases both in circulating testosterone and in market volatility. Our results suggest that prenatal androgens increase risk preferences and promote more rapid visuomotor scanning and physical reflexes. The success and longevity of traders exposed to high levels of prenatal androgens further suggests that financial markets may select for biological traits rather than rational expectations.}, doi = {doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810907106}, keywords = {* 2D:4D * neuro-economics * risk taking * market selection * testosterone url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/2/623.abstract} } @ARTICLE{Cohen01, author = {Cohen, M. D. and Riolo, R. L. and Axelrod, R.}, title = {The Role of Social Structure in the Maintenance of Cooperative Regimes}, journal = {Rationality and Society}, year = {2001}, volume = {13}, pages = {5-32}} @TECHREPORT{Cohen99, author = {Cohen, M. D. and Riolo, R. L. and Axelrod, R.}, title = {The Emergence of Social Organization in the Prisoner's Dilemma: How Context-Preservation and Other Factors Promote Cooperation}, year = {1999}, ideas.repec.org}, journal = {Santa Fe Institute Technical} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Collins92, author = {Robert J. Collins and David R. Jefferson}, title = {AntFarm: Towards Simulated Evolution}, booktitle = {Artificial Life {II}}, year = {1992}, editor = {Christopher G. Langton and Charles Taylor and J. Doyne Farmer and Steen Rasmussen}, pages = {579--601}, address = {Redwood City, CA}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley} } @ARTICLE{Coltman06, author = {Coltman, D. and Davis, C.}, title = {Molecular Cryptozoology Meets the Sasquatch}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {21}, pages = {61-61} } @MISC{CCC-US-Robotics-Roadmap09, author = {Computing Community Consortium}, title = {A Roadmap for US Robotics: From Internet to Robotics}, year = {2008} } @ARTICLE{Cooper96, author = {Cooper, R. and DeJong, D. V. and Forsythe, R. and Ross, T. W.}, title = {Cooperation Without Reputation: Experimental Evidence From Prisoner {\^A}€™s Dilemma Games}, journal = {Games and Economic Behavior}, year = {1996}, volume = {13}, pages = {1-140}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Corning96, author = {Corning, P.A.}, title = {{The co-operative gene: on the role of synergy in evolution}}, journal = {Evolutionary Theory}, year = {1996}, volume = {11}, pages = {183-207} } @ARTICLE{Couzin05, author = {Couzin, I. D. and Krause, J. and Franks, N. R. and Levin, S. A.}, title = {Effective Leadership and Decision-Making in Animal Groups On the Move}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {433}, pages = {513-516}, number = {7025}, higher accuracy for larger numbers of migrating fish / no info on birds
}} @ARTICLE{Crozier77, author = {Crozier, R. H.}, title = {Evolutionary Genetics of the Hymenoptera}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Entomol.}, year = {1977}, volume = {22}, pages = {263-288} } @BOOK{Crozier96, title = {Evolution of Social Insect Colonies: Sex Allocation and Kin Selection}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1996}, author = {Crozier, R. H. and Pamilo, P.}, address = {New York, NY}, booktitle = {Evolution of Social Insect Colonies: Sex Allocation and Kin Selection} } @CONFERENCE{dAndrea08, author = {D'Andrea, R. and Wurman, P.}, title = {{Future challenges of coordinating hundreds of autonomous vehicles in distribution facilities}}, booktitle = {Technologies for Practical Robot Applications, 2008. TePRA 2008. IEEE International Conference on}, year = {2008}, pages = {80--83}, organization = {IEEE} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Duerr06, author = {D\"urr, Peter and Mattiussi, Claudio and Floreano, Dario}, title = {Neuroevolution with {A}nalog {G}enetic {E}ncoding}, booktitle = {Parallel {P}roblem {S}olving from {N}ature - {PPSN} i{X}}, year = {2006}, volume = {9}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {671--680}, abstract = {The evolution of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is often used to tackle difficult control problems. There are different approaches to the encoding of neural networks in artificial genomes. Analog Genetic Encoding (AGE) is a new implicit method derived from the observation of biological genetic regulatory networks. This paper shows how AGE can be used to simultaneously evolve the topology and the weights of ANNs for complex control systems. AGE is applied to a standard benchmark problem and we show that its performance is equivalent or superior to some of the most powerful algorithms for neuroevolution in the literature.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=87949}, documenturl = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?recid=87949&mode=best}, keywords = {Neuroevolution; Neural Networks ; Analog Genetic Encoding ; CTRNN ; AGE; implicit encoding; implicit genetic encoding}, location = {Reykjavik, Iceland}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:87949}, oai-set = {conf}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LIS}, url = {http://ppsn2006.raunvis.hi.is/} } @BOOK{Darwin1859, title = {On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life}, publisher = {London: John Murray}, year = {1859} } @BOOK{Dawkins99, title = {{The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Dawkins, R.} } @ARTICLE{Dawkins79, author = {Dawkins, R.}, title = {{Twelve misunderstandings of kin selection}}, journal = {Z. Tierpsychol}, year = {1979}, volume = {51}, pages = {184--200} } @BOOK{Dawkins76, title = {The Selfish Gene}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1976}, author = {Dawkins, R.}, address = {New York, NY}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Waal05, author = {De Waal, F. B. M.}, title = {How Animals Do Business}, journal = {Sci Am}, year = {2005}, volume = {292}, pages = {54-61}} @ARTICLE{Dejean05, author = {Dejean, A. and Solano, P. J. and Ayroles, J. and Corbara, B. and Orivel, J.}, title = {Insect Behaviour: Arboreal Ants Build Traps to Capture Prey}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {434}, pages = {973-973}, kill much larger insects; Brief communications
}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Delgado99, author = {Delgado, J. and Sole, R. V.}, title = {Task Fulfillment and Temporal Patterns of Activity in Artificial Ant Colonies}, booktitle = {ECAL 1999 - Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1999}, editor = {Floreano, D. and Nicoud, J. D. and Mondada, F.}, pages = {606-615}, publisher = {Springer Verlag Berlin}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{DeNardi06, author = {DeNardi, R. Holland, O. AND Woods, J. AND Clark, A.}, title = {Swar{MAV}: A Swarm of Miniature Aerial Vehicles}, booktitle = {21 st Bristol {UAV} Systems Conference}, year = {2006}, abstract = {As the MAV (Micro or Miniature Aerial Vehicles) field matures, we expect to see that the platform's degree of autonomy, the information exchange, and the coordination with other manned and unmanned actors, will become at least as crucial as its aerodynamic design. The project described in this paper explores some aspects of a particularly exciting possible avenue of development: an autonomous swarm of MAVs able to exploit its inherent reliability (through redundancy), and its ability to exchange information among the members, in order to cope with a dynamically changing environment and achieve its mission. We describe the successful development of a rotorcraft-based prototype experimental platform weighing only 75g, and outline a strategy for the automatic } @INPROCEEDINGS{Deneubourg91, author = {Deneubourg, J. -L. and Goss, S. and Franks, N. R. and Sendova-Franks, A. B. and Detrain, C. and Chretien, L.}, title = {The Dynamics of Collective Sorting Robot-Like Ants and Ant-Like Robots}, year = {1991}, pages = {356 - 363}, journal = {Proceedings of the First International Conference On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior On From Animals to Animats} } @INPROCEEDINGS{DiPaolo99, author = {Di Paolo, E. A.}, title = {A Little More Than Kind and Less Than Kin: The Unwarranted Use of Kin Selection in Spatial Models of Communication}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th European Conference On Advances in Artificial Life}, year = {1999}, volume = {1674}, pages = {504 - 513}, journal = {LNCS} } @ARTICLE{Doebli05, author = {Doebeli, M. and Hauert, C.}, title = {{REVIEWS AND SYNTHESES: Models of cooperation based on the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Snowdrift game}}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, year = {2005}, volume = {8}, pages = {748--766}, number = {7}, abstract = {Understanding the mechanisms that can lead to the evolution of cooperation through natural selection is a core problem in biology. Among the various attempts at constructing a theory of cooperation, game theory has played a central role. Here, we review models of cooperation that are based on two simple games: the Prisoner's Dilemma, and the Snowdrift game. Both games are two-person games with two strategies, to cooperate and to defect, and both games are social dilemmas. In social dilemmas, cooperation is prone to exploitation by defectors, and the average payoff in populations at evolutionary equilibrium is lower than it would be in populations consisting of only cooperators. The difference between the games is that cooperation is not maintained in the Prisoner's Dilemma, but persists in the Snowdrift game at an intermediate frequency. As a consequence, insights gained from studying extensions of the two games differ substantially. We review the most salient results obtained from extensions such as iteration, spatial structure, continuously variable cooperative investments, and multi-person interactions. Bridging the gap between theoretical and empirical research is one of the main challenges for future studies of cooperation, and we conclude by pointing out a number of promising natural systems in which the theory can be tested experimentally.}, publisher = {Blackwell Synergy} } @BOOK{Dorigo04a, title = {Ant Colony Optimisation}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2004}, author = {Dorigo, M. and Stuetzle, T.}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @ARTICLE{Dorigo04b, author = {Dorigo, M. and Trianni, V. and Scedilahin, E. and Gross, R and Labella, T. H. and Baldassarre, G. and Nolfi, S. and Deneubourg, J. -L. and Mondada, F. and Floreano, D. and Gambardella, L. M.}, title = {Evolving Self-Organizing Behaviors For a Swarm-Bot}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2004}, volume = {17}, pages = {223-245}, number = {2-3}, (section 7, related work)
aggregation, coordinated motion, evolved controllers, self organization, long and strong PRO evolutionary robotics


ISSN: 0929-5593 (Paper) 1573-7527 (Online)
DOI: 10.1023/B:AURO.0000033973.24945.f3

}} @INBOOK{Dudek02, chapter = {1}, pages = {1-26}, title = {A Taxonomy of Multirobot Systems}, publisher = {AK Peters, Ltd.}, year = {2002}, editor = {Balch, T. and Parker, L. E.}, author = {Dudek, G. and Jenkin, M. and Milios, E. and Wilkes, D.}, edition = {1st}, booktitle = {Robot Teams: From Diversity to Polymorphism}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Dudek96, author = {Dudek, G. and Jenkin, M. R. M. and Milios, E. and Wilkes, D.}, title = {A Taxonomy For Multi-Agent Robotics}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {1996}, volume = {3}, pages = {375-397}, media = {"pdf"} } @MISC{Edgerly08, author = {Bruce Edgerly and Dale Atkins}, title = {Shoveling Education at Work: A Case Study}, howpublished = {Backcountry Access, Inc.}, year = {2008}, abstract = {It may sound fundamental, but shoveling education is an important new frontier in avalanche education. Teaching shoveling techniques can make the difference between life and death when students are involved in a rescue—especially when the burial is deep. A success story near Fernie, British Columbia illustrates that learning to shovel properly can indeed save a life. In this case, a 23-year-old snowboarder was recovered alive after a large slab avalanche buried him two meters deep. The rescuers attribute their successful rescue to an extremely fast beacon search and the shoveling techniques they learned one month before in a recreational avalanche course. This case study provides evidence that shoveling education truly pays off in recreational avalanche courses.}, keywords = {shovels, probes, transceivers, strategic shoveling, avalanche rescue, url = {http://backcountryaccess.com/english/research/documents/ShovelCaseStudy08.pdf} } @MISC{Edgerly06, author = {Bruce Edgerly and Dale Atkins}, title = {Strategic Shoveling: The Next Frontier in Companion Rescue}, howpublished = {Backcountry Access, Inc.}, year = {2006}, abstract = {With the widespread use of digital avalanche transceiver technology, search times for companion rescue have decreased significantly. Dedicated transceiver training sites and increased avalanche education opportunities have further aided both recreationists and pros in reducing search times. But the excavation phase remains the most time-consuming component of an avalanche rescue. This phase offers the most potential for reducing overall rescue times and increasing survivability. Field tests in Colorado in the spring of 2006 suggest that significant time savings may be gained in companion rescue with a strategic approach to the excavation phase. This can also lead to a more useful working area once the victim is recovered, minimizing compaction of the victim's air pocket and providing adequate space to roll and treat the victim. Avalanche educators should include these strategies when instructing students in avalanche rescue.}, keywords = {shovels, probes, transceivers, strategic shoveling, avalanche rescue, url = {http://backcountryaccess.com/english/research/documents/EdgerlyAtkinsISSW06.pdf} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Elkmann02, author = {Elkmann, N. and Felsch, T. and Sack, M. and Saenz, J. and Hortig, J.}, title = {{Innovative service robot systems for facade cleaning of difficult-to-access areas}}, booktitle = {Intelligent Robots and System, 2002. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on}, year = {2002}, volume = {1}, abstract = {The Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF) is intensively exploring possibilities for robots to engage in various service tasks, especially fully-automatic systems for facade cleaning. We have already designed and built a variety of different facade cleaning robots and concepts. These robots and concepts are based on various motion systems (i.e. walking mechanisms, wheeled vehicles, balloon-based systems, etc.) that are specially-suited for motion along different building types. This paper gives an overview about different facade cleaning robots developed by the Fraunhofer IFF The facade cleaning robot, SIRIUSc, for use on skyscrapers, the robot to clean the 25,000 m/sup 2/ vaulted glass hall of the Leipzig Trade Fair in Germany, as well as the completed concept for a balloon-based robot for cleaning the inner side of atriums and glass roofs are discussed here. The unique aspects of the main components of these robots will be addressed in particular.}, journal = {Intelligent Robots and System, 2002. IEEE/RSJ International Conference } @ARTICLE{Ellison94, author = {Ellison, G.}, title = {Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma With Anonymous Random Matching}, journal = {The Review of Economic Studies}, year = {1994}, volume = {61}, pages = {567-588}, number = {3} } @ARTICLE{Enquist94, author = {Enquist, M and Arak, A.}, title = {Symmetry, Beauty and Evolution}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1994}, volume = {372}, pages = {169--172}, month = {11}, media = {pdf} } @ARTICLE{Enquist93, author = {Enquist, M and Arak, A.}, title = {Selection of Exaggerated Male Traits By Female Aesthetic Senses}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1993}, volume = {361}, pages = {446-448}, month = {2}, DARWIN1 suggested that many apparently deleterious secondary sexual characters in males, such as bright colours, elaborate ornaments

}} @ARTICLE{Ephrati95, author = {Ephrati, E. and Pollack, M. E. and Ur, S.}, title = {Deriving Multi-Agent Coordinaton Through Filtering Strategies}, year = {1995} } @TECHREPORT{Epstein97, author = {Epstein, J. M.}, title = {Zones of Cooperation in Demographic Prisoner's Dilemma}, institution = {Santa Fe Institute}, year = {1997}, type = {techreport}, number = {97-12-094}, month = {12}} @ARTICLE{Everingham10, author = {Everingham, M. and Van Gool, L. and Williams, C.K.I. and Winn, J. and Zisserman, A.}, title = {{The PASCAL visual object classes (VOC) challenge}}, journal = {International journal of computer vision}, year = {2010}, volume = {88}, pages = {303--338}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands} } @ARTICLE{Everingham05, author = {Everingham, M. and Zisserman, A. and Williams, C. and Van Gool, L. and Allan, M. and Bishop, C. and Chapelle, O. and Dalal, N. and Deselaers, T. and Dorko, G. and others}, title = {{The 2005 pascal visual object classes challenge}}, journal = {Machine Learning Challenges}, year = {2006}, pages = {117--176}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Fan08, author = {Fan, X. and Henderson, T.C.}, title = {{RobotShare: A Google for Robots}}, journal = {Int. J. Human. Robot.}, year = {2008}, volume = {5}, pages = {311--329}, number = {02}, abstract = {Knowledge representation is a traditional field in artificial intelligence. Researchers have developed various ways to represent and share information among intelligent agents. Agents that share resources, data, information, and knowledge perform better than agents working alone. However, previous research also reveals that sharing knowledge among a large number of entities in an open environment is a problem yet to be solved. Intelligent robots are designed and produced by different manufacturers. They have var- ious physical attributes and employ different knowledge representations. Therefore, any non-standard or non-widely-adopted technology is unsuitable to provide a satisfactory solution to the knowledge sharing problem. In this research, we pose robot knowledge sharing as an activity to be developed in an open environment - the World Wide Web. Just as search engines like Google provide enormous power for information exchange and sharing for humans, we believe a searching mechanism designed for intelligent agents can provide a robust approach for sharing knowledge among robots. We have developed: (1) a knowledge representation for robots that allows Internet access, (2) a knowledge orga- nization and search indexing engine, and (3) a query/reply mechanism between robots and the search engine.} } @ARTICLE{Farinelli04, author = {Farinelli, A. and Iocchi, L. and Nardi, D.}, title = {Multirobot Systems: a Classification Focused On Coordination}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B}, year = {2004}, volume = {34}, pages = {2015-2028}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Farsi94, author = {Farsi, M. and Ratcliff, K. and Johnson, JP and Allen, CR and Karam, KZ and Pawson, R.}, title = {{Robot control system for window cleaning}}, booktitle = {American Control Conference, 1994}, year = {1994}, volume = {1}, abstract = {Window cleaning is a two-stage process; application of cleaning fluid, which is usually achieved by using a wetted applicator and removal of cleaning fluid by a squeegee blade without spillage on to other areas of the facade or previously cleaned areas of glass. This is particularly difficult for example if the window is located on the roof of a building and cleaning is performed from inside by the human window cleaner. Simulation studies were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of a robot system to act and mimic the human operator; an end effector had to be designed to accommodate different tools such as applicator and squeegee; the pay load for tool handling, sensory feedback requirements; force and compliance control; and finally the cost of the overall system had to be feasible. As a result of the studies it was conceived that the end effector should contain a combined datuming/cleaning head. This arrangement would allow automatic datuming and location of the window pane relative to the robot using a specially designed and constructed compliant head. One advantage of a combined head being the elimination of tool changes between the datuming and wiping operation. A dedicated XYZR robot system was designed which makes use of an Industrial IBM PC connected to a DELTA-7AV systems PMAC card to drive the robot and to: coordinate its actions with those of the OCS roof mounted gantry delivery carrier system.} } @ARTICLE{Federici03a, author = {Federici, D.}, title = {Culture and the Baldwin Effect}, year = {2003}, howpublished = {ECAL 2003}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Federici03b, author = {Federici, D.}, title = {Combining Genes and Memes to Speed Up Evolution}, year = {2003}, howpublished = {CEC 2003}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Fehr03, author = {Fehr, E. and Fischbacher, U.}, title = {Nature of Human Altruism, The}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2003}, volume = {425}, pages = {785-791}, month = {10}, sociality; experiments in human interaction using prisoner's dilemma and also with punishment extension}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Fei-Fei07, author = {Fei-Fei, L. and Fergus, R. and Perona, P.}, title = {{Learning generative visual models from few training examples: An incremental bayesian approach tested on 101 object categories}}, journal = {Computer Vision and Image Understanding}, year = {2007}, volume = {106}, pages = {59--70}, number = {1}, abstract = {Abstract— Currentcomputationalapproachestolearningvi- sual object categories require thousands of training images, are slow, cannot learn in an incremental manner and cannot incorporate prior information into the learning process. In addition, no algorithm presented in the literature has been tested on more than a handful of object categories. We present an method for learning object categories from just a few training images. It is quick and it uses prior information in a principled way. We test it on a dataset composed of images of objects belonging to 101 widely varied categories. Our proposed method is based on making use of prior information, assembled from (unrelated) object categories which were previously learnt. A generative probabilistic model is used, which represents the shape and appearance of a constellation of features belonging to the object. The parameters of the model are learnt incrementally in a Bayesian manner. Our incremental algorithm is compared experimentally to an earlier batch Bayesian algorithm, as well as to one based on maximum-likelihood. The incremental and batch versions have comparable classification performance on small training sets, but incremental learning is significantly faster, making real-time learning feasible. Both Bayesian methods outperform maximum likelihood on small training sets.}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @ARTICLE{Fei-Fei03, author = {Li Fei-Fei and Rob Fergus and Pietro Perona}, title = {A Bayesian Approach to Unsupervised One-Shot Learning of Object Categories}, journal = {Computer Vision, IEEE International Conference on}, year = {2003}, volume = {2}, pages = {1134}, abstract = {Learning visual models of object categories notoriously requires thousands of training examples; this is due to the diversity and richness of object appearance which requires models containing hundreds of parameters. We present a method for learning object categories from just a few images (1 ~ 5). It is based on incorporating "generic" knowledge which may be obtained from previously learnt models of unrelated categories. We operate in a variational Bayesian framework: object categories are represented by probabilistic models, and "prior" knowledge is represented as a probability density function on the parameters of these models. The "posterior" model for an object category is obtained by updating the prior in the light of one or more observations. Our ideas are demonstrated on four diverse categories (human faces, airplanes, motorcycles, spotted cats). Initially three categories are learnt from hundreds of training examples, and a "prior" is estimated from these. Then the model of the fourth category is learnt from 1 to 5 training examples, and is used for detecting new exemplars a set of test images.}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ICCV.2003.1238476}, isbn = {0-7695-1950-4}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society} } @ARTICLE{Fewell03, author = {Fewell, J. H.}, title = {Social Insect Networks}, journal = {Science}, year = {2003}, volume = {301}, pages = {1867-1870}} @ARTICLE{Fewell99, author = {Fewell, J. H. and Bertram, S. M}, title = {Division of Labor in a Dynamic Environment: Response By Honeybees (Apis Mellifera) to Graded Changes in Colony Pollen Stores}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {1999}, volume = {46}, pages = {171-179}, number = {3}} @ARTICLE{Fewell00, author = {Fewell, J. H. and Page Jr, R. E.}, title = {Colony-Level Selection Effects On Individual and Colony Foraging Task Performance in Honeybees}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {2000}, volume = {48}, pages = {173-181}, doi = {10.1007/s002650000183}} @ARTICLE{Ficici05, author = {Ficici, S. G. and Melnik, O. and Pollack, J. B.}, title = {A Game-Theoretic and Dynamical-Systems Analysis of Selection Methods in Coevolution}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Evolutionary Computation}, year = {2005}, pages = {580-602}, or tournament selection?
here are the answers!}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Ficici99, author = {Ficici, S. G and Watson, R. A. and Pollack, J. B.}, title = {Embodied Evolution: A Response to Challenges in Evolutionary Robotics}, booktitle = {Eighth European Workshop On Learning}, year = {1999}, pages = {14-22}} @PHDTHESIS{Fielding00, author = {Fielding, Roy Thomas}, title = {Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures}, school = {University of California, Irvine}, year = {2000}, abstract = {The World Wide Web has succeeded in large part because its software architecture has been designed to meet the needs of an Internet-scale distributed hypermedia system. The Web has been iteratively developed over the past ten years through a series of modifications to the standards that define its architecture. In order to identify those aspects of the Web that needed improvement and avoid undesirable modifications, a model for the modern Web architecture was needed to guide its design, definition, and deployment. Software architecture research investigates methods for determining how best to partition a system, how components identify and communicate with each other, how information is communicated, how elements of a system can evolve independently, and how all of the above can be described using formal and informal notations. My work is motivated by the desire to understand and evaluate the architectural design of network- based application software through principled use of architectural constraints, thereby obtaining the functional, performance, and social properties desired of an architecture. An architectural style is a named, coordinated set of architectural constraints. This dissertation defines a framework for understanding software architecture via architectural styles and demonstrates how styles can be used to guide the architectural design of network-based application software. A survey of architectural styles for network-based applications is used to classify styles according to the architectural properties they induce on an architecture for distributed hypermedia. I then introduce the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style and describe how REST has been used to guide the design and development of the architecture for the modern Web. REST emphasizes scalability of component interactions, generality of interfaces, independent deployment of components, and intermediary components to reduce interaction latency, enforce security, and encapsulate legacy systems. I describe the software engineering principles guiding REST and the interaction constraints chosen to retain those principles, contrasting them to the constraints of other architectural styles. Finally, I describe the lessons learned from applying REST to the design of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Uniform Resource Identifier standards, and from their subsequent deployment in Web client and server software.}, url = {http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fiorenzo-Catalano03, author = {Fiorenzo-Catalano, S. AND Hoogendoorn-Lanser, S. AND van Nes, R.}, title = {Choice set composition modelling in multi-modal travelling}, booktitle = {10th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research}, year = {2003}, } @ARTICLE{Fjerdingstad04, author = {Fjerdingstad, E. J. and Keller, L.}, title = {Relationships Between Phenotype, Mating Behavior, and Fitness of Queens in the Ants Lasius Niger}, journal = {Evolution}, year = {2004}, volume = {58}, pages = {1056--1063}, number = {5}, media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Flake98, title = {{The Computational Beauty of Nature: Computer Explorations of Fractals, Chaos, Complex Systems, and Adaptation}}, publisher = {"A Bradford Book" and MIT Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Flake, G. W.}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Fleischer05, author = {Fleischer, M.}, title = {Foundations of Swarm Intelligence: From Principles to Practice}, year = {2005}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Floreano97, author = {Floreano, D.}, title = {Reducing Human Design and Increasing Adaptivity in Evolutionary Robotics}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Robotics}, year = {1997}, editor = {Gomi, T.}, pages = {187-220}, to exploit external source of information}} @ARTICLE{Floreano05b, author = {Floreano, D. and Epars, Y. and Zufferey, J. C. and Mattiussi, C.}, title = {Evolution of Spiking Neural Circuits in Autonomous Mobile Robots}, journal = {International Journal of Intelligent Systems}, year = {2005}} @ARTICLE{Floreano07, author = {Floreano, Dario and Mitri, Sara and Magnenat, St\'ephane and Keller, Laurent}, title = {Evolutionary {C}onditions for the {E}mergence of {C}ommunication in {R}obots}, journal = {Current {B}iology}, year = {2007}, volume = {17}, pages = {514--519}, abstract = {Information transfer plays a central role in the biology of most organisms, particularly social species [1, 2]. Although the neurophysiological processes by which signals are produced, conducted, perceived, and interpreted are well understood, the conditions conducive to the evolution of communication and the paths by which reliable systems of communication become established remain largely unknown. This is a particularly challenging problem because efficient communication requires tight coevolution between the signal emitted and the response elicited [3]. We conducted repeated trials of experimental evolution with robots that could produce visual signals to provide information on food location. We found that communication readily evolves when colonies consist of genetically similar individuals and when selection acts at the colony level. We identified several distinct communication systems that differed in their efficiency. Once a given system of communication was well established, it constrained the evolution of more efficient communication systems. Under individual selection, the ability to produce visual signals resulted in the evolution of deceptive communication strategies in colonies of unrelated robots and a concomitant decrease in colony performance. This study generates predictions about the evolutionary conditions conducive to the emergence of communication and provides guidelines for designing artificial evolutionary systems displaying spontaneous communication.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=99661}, documenturl = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?recid=99661&mode=best}, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.058}, keywords = {robotics; evolution; communication; deception}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:99661}, oai-set = {article}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LIS} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Floreano94, author = {Floreano, D. and Mondada, F.}, title = {Automatic Creation of an Autonomous Agent: Genetic Evolution of a Neural Network Driven Robot}, booktitle = {From Animals to Animats 3}, year = {1994}, editor = {D. Cliff and P. Husbands and J. -A. Meyer and S. Wilson} } @ARTICLE{Floreano96, author = {Floreano, D. and Mondada, F.}, title = {Evolution of Homing Navigation in a Real Mobile Robot}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Systems, Man, and Cybernetics--Part B: Cybernetics}, year = {1996}, volume = {26}, pages = {396-407}, number = {3}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Floreano98, author = {Floreano, D. and Nolfi, S. and Mondada, F.}, title = {Competitive Co-Evolutionary Robotics: From Theory to Practice}, booktitle = {Proc. of the Fifth Int. Conf. On Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour: From Animals to Animats}, year = {1998}, editor = {Pfeifer, R. and Blumberg, B. and Meyer, J. A. and Wilson, S. W.}, pages = {515-524}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Floreano99, author = {Floreano, D. and Urzelai, J.}, title = {Evolution of Neural Controllers With Adaptive Synapses and Compact Genetic Encoding}, booktitle = {ECAL 1999 - Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1999}, editor = {Floreano, D. and Nicoud, J. D. and Mondada, F.}, pages = {183-194}, publisher = {Springer Verlag Berlin}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Floreano00a, author = {Floreano, D. and Urzelai, J.}, title = {Evolutionary Robots With On-Line Self-Organization and Behavioral Fitness}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Robotics III}, year = {2000}, editor = {Gomi, T.}, pages = {231-266}, publisher = {AAI Books Ontario, Canada},media = {"pdf"} } @INBOOK{Floreano00c, title = {Evolutionary Robotics: The Next Generation}, publisher = {AAI Books}, year = {2000}, editor = {Gomi, T.}, author = {Floreano, D. and Urzelai, J.}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Robotics III}} @ARTICLE{Floreano00b, author = {Floreano, D. and Urzelai, J.}, title = {Evolutionary Robots With On-Line Self-Organization}, journal = {Neural Networks}, year = {2000}, volume = {13}, pages = {431-443}, abstract = {We address two issues in Evolutionary Robotics, namely the genetic encoding and the performance criterion, also known as the fitness function. For the first aspect, we suggest to encode mechanisms for parameter self-organization, instead of the parameters themselves as in conventional approaches. We argue that the suggested encoding generates systems that can solve more complex tasks and are more robust to unpredictable sources of change. We support our arguments with a set of experiments on evolutionary neural controllers for physical robots and compare them to conventional encoding. In addition, we show that when also the genetic encoding is left free to evolve, artificial evolution will select to exploit mechanisms of self-organization. For the second aspect, we shall discuss the role of the performance criterion, also known as fitness function, and suggest Fitness Space as a framework to conceive fitness functions in Evolutionary Robotics. Fitness Space can be used as a guide to design fitness functions as well as to compare different experiments in Evolutionary Robotics.}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Floreano05a, author = {Floreano, D. and Zufferey, J. C. and Nicoud, J. D.}, title = {From Wheels to Wings With Evolutionary Spiking Neurons}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {2005}, volume = {11}, pages = {121-138}, is to evolve neural controllers for autonomous, adaptive, indoor micro-flyers. Indoor flight is still a challenge because it requires miniaturization, energy efficiency, and control of non-linear flight dynamics. This ongoing project consists in developing a flying, vision-based micro-robot, a bio-inspired controller composed of adaptive spiking neurons directly mapped into digital micro-controllers, and a method to evolve such a neural controller without human intervention. This document describes the motivation and methodology used to reach our goal as well as the results of a number of preliminary experiments on vision-based wheeled and flying robots.}} @ARTICLE{Fojo09, author = {Fojo, T. and Grady, C.}, title = {{How Much Is Life Worth: Cetuximab, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and the $440 Billion Question}}, journal = {JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute}, year = {2009}, pages = {1044 -- 1048}, abstract = {The spiraling cost of cancer care, in particular the cost of cancer therapeutics that achieve only marginal benefits, is under increasing scrutiny. Although health-care professionals avoid putting a value on a life, our limited resources require that society address what counts as a benefit, the extent to which cost should factor in deliberations, and who should be involved in these decisions. Professional societies, such as the American Society of Clinical Oncology, government agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration, and insurance companies should be involved. However, no segment of society is better qualified to address these issues than the oncology community. Oncologists must offer clear guidance for the conduct of research, interpre- tation of results, and prescription of chemotherapies. We review recent drug approvals and clinical trials and comment on their relevance to the issue of the spiraling cost of oncology therapeutics. We suggest some standards that would serve as a starting point for addressing these issues.}, publisher = {Oxford Univ Press} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fong05, author = {T. Fong AND I. Nourbakhsh AND C. Kunz AND L. Fluckiger AND J. Schreiner,}, title = {The Peer-to-Peer Human-Robot Interaction Project}, booktitle = {Space 2005} } @ARTICLE{Foster04, author = {Foster, K. R.}, title = {Diminishing Returns in Social Evolution: the Not-So-Tragic Commons}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, year = {2004}, volume = {17}, pages = {1058-1072} } @ARTICLE{Foster06, author = {Foster, K. R. and Wenseleers, T. and Ratnieks, L. W.}, title = {Kin Selection Is the Key to Altruism}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {2006}, volume = {21}, pages = {57-60} } @ARTICLE{Frank03, author = {Frank, S. A. }, title = {Perspective: Repression of Competition and the Evolution of Cooperation}, journal = {Evolution}, year = {2003}, volume = {57}, pages = {693-705}} @BOOK{Frank98, title = {Foundations of Social Evolution}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Frank, S. A. }, address = {Princeton, NJ} } @ARTICLE{Frank95, author = {Frank, S. A. }, title = {Mutual Policing and Repression of Competition in the Evolution of Cooperative Groups}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1995}, volume = {377}, pages = {520-522}} @ARTICLE{Franks86, author = {Franks, N. R.}, title = {Teams in Social Insects: Group Retrieval of Prey By Army Ants (Eciton Burchelli, Hymenoptera: Formicidae)}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {1986}, volume = {18}, pages = {425 - 429}, power increase
DOI: 10.1007/BF00300517}} @ARTICLE{Franks02, author = {Franks, N. R. and Pratt, S. C. and Mallon, E. B. and Britton, N. F. and Sumpter, D. J.}, title = {Information Flow, Opinion Polling and Collective Intelligence in House-Hunting Social Insects.}, year = {2002}, volume = {357}, pages = {1567-83}, number = {29}, howpublished = {357(1427)}, publisher = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci} } @ARTICLE{Franks99, author = {Franks, N. R. and Sendova-Franks, A. B. and Simmons, J. and Mogie, M.}, title = {Convergent Evolution, Superefficient Teams and Tempo in Old and New World Army Ants}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.}, year = {1999}, volume = {266}, pages = {1697-1701}, teams in smaller ants and smaller teams with larger ants for same tasks.}} @ARTICLE{Froese00, author = {Froese, T.}, title = {Steps Toward the Evolution of Communication in a Multi-Agent System}, year = {2000}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Futuyama88, author = {Futuyama, D. J. and Moreno, G.}, title = {The Evolution of Ecological Specialization}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.}, year = {1988}, volume = {19}, pages = {207-33} } @ARTICLE{Gagnon06, author = {Gagnon, G. and Lahoud, N. and Mattiussi, G. A. and Berini, P.}, title = {Thermally Activated Variable Attenuation of Long-Range Surface Plasmon-Polariton Waves}, journal = {Lightwave Technology, Journal of}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, pages = {4391--4402}, number = {11}, month = {Nov. } } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gallagher99, author = {Gallagher, J. C. and Beer, R. D.}, title = {Evolution and Analysis of Dynamical Neural Networks For Agents Integrating Vision, Locomotion and Short-Term Memory}, year = {1999}, editor = {Banzhaf and Daida and Eiben and Garzon and Honavar and Smith}, pages = {1273-1280}, journal = {Proc of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO)}, media = {"ps"} } @MISC{GANA07, author = {GANA, Glass Association of North America}, title = {Caring for Today’s Architectural Glass}, howpublished = {GANA, Glass Association of North America}, year = {2007}, } @ARTICLE{Gardner04, author = {Gardner, A. and West, S.A.}, title = {{Cooperation and punishment, especially in humans}}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, year = {2004}, volume = {164}, pages = {753--764}, number = {6}, abstract = {Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor‐modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship.}, publisher = {UChicago Press} } @ARTICLE{Gardner04a, author = {Gardner, A. and West, S. A. and Buckling, A.}, title = {Bacteriocins, Spite and Virulence}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.}, year = {2004}, volume = {271}, pages = {1529-1535} } @ARTICLE{Gardner04b, author = {Gardner, A. and West, S. A. and Buckling, A.}, title = {Spite and the Scale of Competition}, journal = {J. Evol. Biol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {17}, pages = {1195-1203} } @ARTICLE{Gates07, author = {Gates, B.}, title = {{A robot in every home}}, journal = {Scientific American Magazine}, year = {2007}, volume = {296}, pages = {58--65}, number = {1}, publisher = {Scientific American} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gaudiano05, author = {Gaudiano, P. AND Bonabeau, E. AND Shargel, B.}, title = {Evolving behaviors for a swarm of unmanned air vehicles}, booktitle = {Swarm Intelligence Symposium, 2005. SIS 2005. Proceedings 2005 IEEE}, year = {2005}, pages = {317- 324}, abstract = {We have previously reported on a project involving the control of a swarm of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) carrying out search or search-and-destroy missions. We developed and tested (in simulation) a number of strategies for swarm control, and proposed systematic evaluation techniques and performance metrics. In this paper we report some additional results in which we evolved some of the swarm control parameters using a genetic algorithm (GA). While the improvements were modest, the results show how evolutionary computing algorithms can be used to facilitate the design of swarm control algorithms.} } @ARTICLE{Gautrais02, author = {Gautrais, J. and Theraulaz, G and Deneubourg, J. -L. and Anderson, C.}, title = {Emergent Polyethism As a Consequence of Increased Colony Size in Insect Societies}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {2002}, volume = {215}, pages = {363-373}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Gerkey01, author = {Gerkey, BP and Vaughan, RT and Stoy, K. and Howard, A. and Sukhatme, GS and Mataric, MJ}, title = {{Most valuable player: a robot device server for distributed control}}, booktitle = {Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2001. Proceedings. 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on}, year = {2001}, volume = {3} } @ARTICLE{Gerkey04, author = {Gerkey, B. P. and Mataric, M. J.}, title = {A Formal Analysis and Taxonomy of Task Allocation in Multi-Robot Systems}, year = {2004}} @ARTICLE{Geusebroek05, author = {Geusebroek, J.M. and Burghouts, G.J. and Smeulders, A.W.M.}, title = {{The Amsterdam library of object images}}, journal = {International Journal of Computer Vision}, year = {2005}, volume = {61}, pages = {103--112}, number = {1}, abstract = {We present the ALOI collection of 1,000 objects recorded under various imaging circumstances. In order to capture the sensory variation in object recordings, we systematically varied viewing angle, illumination angle, and illumination color for each object, and additionally captured wide-baseline stereo images. We recorded over a hundred images of each object, yielding a total of 110,250 images for the collection. These images are made publicly available for scientific research purposes.}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Giordana96, author = {Giordana, A. and Neri, F.}, title = {Search-Intensive Concept Induction}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation Journal}, year = {1996}, volume = {3}, pages = {375-416}, number = {4}, abstract = {This paper describes REGAL, a distributed genetic algorithm-based system, designed for learning First Order Logic concept descriptions from examples. The system is a hybrid between the Pittsburgh and the Michigan approaches, as the population constitutes a redundant set of partial concept descriptions, each evolved separately. In order to increase effectiveness, REGAL is specifically tailored to the concept learning task; hence, REGAL is task-dependent, but, on the other hand,...}, publisher = MIT, } @CONFERENCE{Globus03, author = {Globus, A. and Crawford, J. and Lohn, J. and Pryor, A.}, title = {Scheduling Earth Observing Satellites with Evolutionary Algorithms}, booktitle = {Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (SMC-IT)}, year = {2003}, pages = {836-843}, abstract = {We hypothesize that evolutionary algorithms can effectively schedule coordinated fleets of Earth observing satellites. The constraints are complex and the bottlenecks are not well understood, a condition where evolutionary algorithms are often effective. This is, in part, because evolutionary algorithms require only that one can represent solutions, modify solutions, and evaluate solution fitness. To test the hypothesis we have developed a representative set of problems, produced optimization software (in Java) to solve them, and run experiments comparing techniques. This paper presents initial results of a comparison of several evolutionary and other optimization techniques; namely the genetic algorithm [5], simulated annealing [7], squeaky wheel optimization [6], and stochastic hill climbing [1]. We also compare separate satellite vs. integrated scheduling of a two satellite constellation. While the results are not definitive, tests to date suggest that simulated annealing is the best search technique and integrated scheduling is superior.} } @ARTICLE{Goddard05, author = {Goddard, M. R and Godfray, H. C. J. and Burt, A.}, title = {Sex Increases the Efficacy of Natural Selection in Experimental Yeast Populations}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {434}, pages = {636-640}, number = {7033},

yeast evolves faster under starvation> conclusion: sex pays if environment is tough, otherwise it does not.

related to Hoekstra05}} @BOOK{Goldberg89, title = {Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization \& Machine Learning}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley}, year = {1989}, author = {Goldberg, D. E}, address = {Reading, MA} } @ARTICLE{Goldberg02, author = {Goldberg, K. and Gentner, S. and Sutter, C. and Wiegley, J.}, title = {{The mercury project: A feasibility study for internet robots}}, journal = {Robotics \& Automation Magazine, IEEE}, year = {2002}, volume = {7}, pages = {35--40}, number = {1}, abstract = {Initiated at CERN in 1992, the World Wide Web provides a standard graphical interface to the Internet, and the number of users worldwide has grown exponentially in the last few years. In the Spring of 1994, we conjectured that it might be possible to offer public access to a teleoperated robot via the WWW. As a feasibility study in 1994, we built a system that allows a robot manipulator to be teleoperated via the Internet. Although the field of teleoperation dates back over 50 years, HTTP provides a low-cost and widely available interface that can make teleoperated resources accessible to a broad range of users. The Mercury Project consisted of an industrial robot arm fitted with a CCD camera and a pneumatic system. We placed a sandbox filled with buried artifacts in the robot workspace. Novice users remotely moved the camera to view desired locations and directed short bursts of compressed air into the sand to view the newly cleared regions. To our knowledge, the Mercury Project was the first Internet robot. It was available almost continuously from August 1994 through March 1995 and was accessed by over 50,000 unique hosts. The article focuses on the interface design, robot hardware, and architecture of the system}, publisher = {IEEE} } @CONFERENCE{Goldfeder09, author = {Goldfeder, C. and Ciocarlie, M. and Dang, H. and Allen, P.K.}, title = {{The Columbia grasp database}}, booktitle = {Robotics and Automation, 2009. ICRA'09. IEEE International Conference on}, year = {2009}, pages = {1710--1716}, organization = {IEEE}, abstract = {Collecting grasp data for learning and bench- marking purposes is very expensive. It would be helpful to have a standard database of graspable objects, along with a set of stable grasps for each object, but no such database exists. In this work we show how to automate the construction of a database consisting of several hands, thousands of objects, and hundreds of thousands of grasps. Using this database, we demonstrate a novel grasp planning algorithm that exploits geometric similarity between a 3D model and the objects in the database to synthesize form closure grasps. Our contributions are this algorithm, and the database itself, which we are releasing to the community as a tool for both grasp planning and benchmarking.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gomez04, author = {Gomez, F. and Miikkulainen, R.}, title = {Transfer of Neuro Evolved Controllers in Unstable Domains}, year = {2004}, journal = {Proceedings of the Genetic Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2004)} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gomez99, author = {Gomez, F. and Miikkulainen, R.}, title = {Solving Non-Markovian Control Tasks With Neuroevolution}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1999}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Gomez97, author = {Gomez, F. and Miikkulainen, R.}, title = {Incremental Evolution of Complex General Behavior}, journal = {Adaptive Behaviour}, year = {1997}, volume = {5}, pages = {317-342}, media = {"ps"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gordin97, author = {Gordin, M. AND Sen, S. AND Puppala, N.}, title = {Evolving cooperative groups: preliminary results}, booktitle = {Proc. of the AAAI-97 Workshop on Multi-Agent Learning}, year = {1997} } @ARTICLE{Gordon96, author = {Gordon, D. M.}, title = {The Organization of Work in Social Insect Colonies}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1996}, volume = {380}, pages = {121-124} } @ARTICLE{Grafen85, author = {Grafen, A.}, title = {A Geometric View of Relatedness}, journal = {Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, pages = {28-90}} @ARTICLE{Grafen84, author = {Grafen, A.}, title = {{Natural selection, kin selection and group selection}}, journal = {Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach}, year = {1984} } @ARTICLE{Grefenstette88, author = {Grefenstette, J.J.}, title = {Credit assignment in rule discovery systems based on genetic algorithms}, journal = {Machine Learning}, year = {1988}, volume = {3}, pages = {225--245}, number = {2}, abstract = {In rule discovery systems, learning often proceeds by first assessing the quality of the system''s current rules and then modifying rules based on that assessment. This paper addresses the credit assignment problem that arises when long sequences of rules fire between successive external rewards. The focus is on the kinds of rule assessment schemes which have been proposed for rule discovery systems that use genetic algorithms as the primary rule modification strategy. Two distinct approaches to rule learning with genetic algorithms have been previously reported, each approach offering a useful solution to a different level of the credit assignment problem. We describe a system, called RUDI, that exploits both approaches. We present analytic and experimental results that support the hypothesis that multiple levels of credit assignment can improve the performance of rule learning systems based on genetic algorithms.}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Griffin03, author = {Griffin, A.S. and West, S.A.}, title = {{Kin Discrimination and the Benefit of Helping in Cooperatively Breeding Vertebrates}}, journal = {Science}, year = {2003}, volume = {302}, pages = {634--636}, number = {5645}, abstract = {In many cooperatively breeding vertebrates, a dominant breeding pair is assisted in offspring care by nonbreeding helpers. A leading explanation for this altruistic behavior is Hamilton's idea that helpers gain indirect fitness benefits by rearing relatives (kin selection). Many studies have shown that helpers typically provide care for relatives, but relatively few have shown that helpers provide closer kin with preferential care (kin discrimination), fueling the suggestion that kin selection only poorly accounts for the evolution of cooperative breeding in vertebrates. We used meta-analysis to show that (i) individuals consistently discriminate between kin, and (ii) stronger discrimination occurs in species where the benefits of helping are greater. These results suggest a general role for kin selection and that the relative importance of kin selection varies across species, as predicted by Hamilton's rule.}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science} } @ARTICLE{Griffin02, author = {Griffin, A. S. and West, S. A.}, title = {Kin Selection: Fact and Fiction}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {2002}, volume = {17}, pages = {15-21}, number = {1}, with direct benefits to the group that are independant of relatedness; numerous examples.}} @ARTICLE{Griffin04, author = {Griffin, A. S. and West, S. A. and Buckling, A.}, title = {Cooperation and Competition in Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {430}, pages = {1024-1027}, bacteria; related to Queller04

An elegant experimental study on bacteria, separating the influence of relatedness and locality on altruism and doing a NOVA analysis to show that global competition increases cooperation!!

my journal club presentation}} @TECHREPORT{Griffin07, author = {Griffin, G. and Holub, A. and Perona, P.}, title = {{Caltech-256 object category dataset}}, institution = {California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA}, year = {2007}, publisher = {California Institute of Technology} } @ARTICLE{Grimm99, author = {Grimm, V.}, title = {{Ten years of individual-based modelling in ecology: what have we learned and what could we learn in the future?}}, journal = {Ecological Modelling}, year = {1999}, volume = {115}, pages = {129--148}, number = {2}, abstract = {Each modeller who builds and analyses an individual-based model learns of course a great deal, but what has ecology as a whole learned from the individual-based models published during the last decade? Answering this question proves extremely difficult as there is no common motivation behind individual-based models. The distinction is introduced between ‘pragmatic’ motivation, which uses the individual-based approach as a tool without any reference to the theoretical issues which have emerged from the classical state variable approach and ‘paradigmatic’ motivation, which explicitly refers to theoretical ecology. A mini-review of 50 individual-based animal population models shows that the majority are driven by pragmatic motivation. Most models are very complex and special techniques to cope with this complexity during their analysis are only occasionally applied. It is suggested that in order to orient individual-based modelling more towards general theoretical issues, we need increased explicit reference to theoretical ecology and an advanced strategy for building and analysing individual-based models. To this end, a heuristic list of rules is presented which may help us to advance the practice of individual-based modelling and to learn more general lessons from individual-based modelling in the future than we have during the last decade. The main ideas behind these rules are as follows: (1) Individual-based models usually make more realistic assumptions than state variable models, but it should not be forgotten that the aim of individual-based modelling is not ‘realism’ but modelling. (2) The individual-based approach is a bottom-up approach which starts with the ‘parts’ (i.e. individuals) of a system (i.e. population) and then tries to understand how the system’s properties emerge from the interaction among these parts. However, bottom-up approaches alone will never lead to theories at the systems level. State variable or top-down approaches are needed to provide an appropriate integrated view, i.e. the relevant questions at the population level.}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @ARTICLE{Gross04a, author = {Gross, R and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Cooperative Transport of Objects of Different Shapes and Sizes}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2004}, volume = {3172}, pages = {106--117}} @ARTICLE{Gross04b, author = {Gross, R and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Evolving a Cooperative Transport Behavior For Two Simple Robots}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2004}, volume = {2936}, pages = {305-316}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Gruau97, author = {Gruau, F. and Quatramaran, K.}, title = {Cellular Encoding For Interactive Evolutionary Robotics}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth European Conferencce On Artificial Life}, year = {1997}, editor = {Husbands, P. and Harvey, I.}, pages = {368-377}, publisher = {MA: MIT Press}, media = {"ps"} } @CONFERENCE{Grundmann10, author = {Thilo Grundmann AND Robert Eidenberger AND Martin Schneider AND Michael Fiegert AND Georg v. Wichert}, title = {Robust high precision 6D pose determination in complex environments for robotic manipulation}, booktitle = {Workshop of Best Practice in 3D Perception and Modeling for Mobile Manipulation at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA 2010}, year = {2010} } @MISC{Guizzo08, author = {Guizzo, E.}, title = {{Three engineers, hundreds of robots, one warehouse}}, year = {2008}, journal = {Spectrum, IEEE}, number = {7}, pages = {26--34}, publisher = {IEEE}, volume = {45} } @ARTICLE{Hamilton82, author = {Hamilton, WD and Zuk, M.}, title = {{Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites?}}, journal = {Science}, year = {1982}, volume = {218}, pages = {384} } @ARTICLE{Hamilton75, author = {Hamilton, W. D.}, title = {Innate Social Aptitudes of Man: an Approach From Evolutionary Genetics}, journal = {Biosocial Anthropology}, year = {1975}, pages = {133-53}, editor = {Fox, R.}, publisher = {Malaby Press, London} } @ARTICLE{Hamilton72, author = {Hamilton, W. D.}, title = {Altruism and Related Phenomena, Mainly in Social Insects}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics}, year = {1972}, volume = {3}, pages = {193-232}} @ARTICLE{Hamilton64, author = {Hamilton, W. D.}, title = {{The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior I+II}}, journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology}, year = {1964}, volume = {7}, pages = {1-52}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Hamilton64a, author = {Hamilton, W. D.}, title = {The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior I}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {1964}, volume = {7}, pages = {1-31}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Hamilton64b, author = {Hamilton, W. D.}, title = {The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior II}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {1964}, volume = {7}, pages = {17-52}} @ARTICLE{Hammerstein06, author = {Hammerstein, P. and Leimar, O.}, title = {{Cooperating for direct fitness benefits}}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, year = {2006}, volume = {19}, pages = {1400--1402}, number = {5}, publisher = {Blackwell Synergy} } @ARTICLE{Hammond04, author = {Hammond, R. L. and Keller, L.}, title = {Conflict Over Male Parentage in Social Insects}, journal = {PLOS Biology}, year = {2004}, volume = {2}, number = {9}} @CONFERENCE{Hansen96, author = {Hansen, N. and Ostermeier, A.}, title = {{Adapting arbitrary normal mutation distributions in evolutionstrategies: the covariance matrix adaptation}}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Computation, 1996., Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on}, year = {1996}, pages = {312--317}, abstract = {A new formulation for coordinate system independent adaptation of arbitrary normal mutation distributions with zero mean is presented. This enables the evolution strategy (ES) to adapt the correct scaling of a given problem and also ensures invariance with respect to any rotation of the fitness function (or the coordinate system). Especially rotation invariance, here resulting directly from the coordinate system independent adaptation of the mutation distribution, is an essential feature of the ES with regard to its general applicability to complex fitness functions. Compared to previous work on this subject, the introduced formulation facilitates an interpretation of the resulting mutation distribution, making sensible manipulation by the user possible (if desired). Furthermore it enables a more effective control of the overall mutation variance (expected step length). Keywords: Adaptation, covariance matrix, derandomized adaptation, evolutionary algorithms, evolution strategy, mutation distribution, self-adaptation, strategy parameters. I.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hara99, author = {Hara, A. and Nagao, T.}, title = {Emergence of cooperative behavior using {ADG}; {A}utomatically {D}efined {G}roups}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1999 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-99)}, year = {1999}, editor = {Wolfgang Banzhaf and Jason Daida and Agoston E. Eiben and Max H. Garzon and Vasant Honavar and Mark Jakiela and Robert E. Smith}, pages = {1038--1046} } @ARTICLE{Harbaugh07, author = {William T. Harbaugh AND Ulrich Mayr AND Daniel R. Burghart}, title = {Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving Reveal Motives for Charitable Donations}, journal = {Science}, year = {2007}, volume = {316}, pages = {1622 - 1625}, abstract = {Civil societies function because people pay taxes and make charitable contributions to provide public goods. One possible motive for charitable contributions, called "pure altruism," is satisfied by increases in the public good no matter the source or intent. Another possible motive, "warm glow," is only fulfilled by an individual's own voluntary donations. Consistent with pure altruism, we find that even mandatory, tax-like transfers to a charity elicit neural activity in areas linked to reward processing. Moreover, neural responses to the charity's financial gains predict voluntary giving. However, consistent with warm glow, neural activity further increases when people make transfers voluntarily. Both pure altruism and warm-glow motives appear to determine the hedonic consequences of financial transfers to the public good.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1140738} } @ARTICLE{Hardin68, author = {Hardin, G.}, title = {The Tragedy of the Commons}, journal = {Science}, year = {1968}, volume = {162}, pages = {1243-1248}} @ARTICLE{Harrald96, author = {Harrald, P.G. and Fogelb, D.B.}, title = {Evolving continuous behaviors in the iterated prisoner's dilemma}, journal = {BioSystems}, year = {1996}, volume = {37}, pages = {135--145}, abstract = {Evolutionary programming experiments are conducted on a variant of the Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma. Rather than assume each player having two alternative moves in the stage-game, cooperate or defect, a continuum of possible moves are available. Players’ strategies are represented by feed-forward perceptrons with a single hidden layer. The population size and the number of nodes in the hidden layer are varied across a series of experiments. The results of the simulations indicate a minimum amount of complexity is required in a player’s strategy in order for cooperation to evolve. Moreover, under the evolutionary dynamics of the simulation, cooperation does not appear to be a stable outcome.} } @ARTICLE{Hart01, author = {Hart, A. G. and Ratnieks, F. L. W.}, title = {Task Partitioning, Division of Labour and Nest Compartmentalisation Collectively Isolate Hazardous Waste in the Leafcutting Ant Atta Cephalotes}, year = {2001} } @ARTICLE{Harvell94, author = {Harvell, C. D.}, title = {The Evolution of Polymorphism in Colonial Invertebrates and Social Insects}, journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology}, year = {1994}, volume = {69}, pages = {155-185}, specialisation
}} @UNPUBLISHED{Harvey96b, author = {Harvey, I.}, title = {The Microbial Genetic Algorithm}, year = {1996}} @MISC{Harvey97, author = {Harvey, I. and Husbands, P. and Cliff, D. and Thompson, A. and Jakobi, N.}, title = {{Evolutionary robotics: the Sussex approach}}, year = {1997}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, media = {"pdf"}, number = {2-4}, pages = {205--224}, publisher = {Elsevier Science}, volume = {20} } @MISC{Harvey08, author = {Stephan Harvey AND Benjamin Zweifel}, title = {New Trends of Recreational Avalanche Accidents in Switzerland}, howpublished = {WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF}, year = {2008}, abstract = {In the last 10 years equipment and knowledge of recreationists and organised rescue teams in avalanche terrain has developed. More and more people are travelling in off-piste terrain or on skitours. Avalanche prevention and rescue training as well as avalanche warning and the possibilities to get good information have improved. Time to look back 30 years (1977 - 2006) to analyse trends of recreational avalanche accidents. Although more people recreate in avalanche prone terrain, the number of fatalities has decreased. Though the amount of complete burials has not changed, burial time and mortality rate of completely buried persons developed into a positive direction. Companion rescue and organised rescue teams recovered more often survivors in recent years. Further the development of fatalities in guided groups is decreasing and shows higher professionalism. Over the years avalanche warning has also changed. We compared avalanche accidents with predicted avalanche danger degrees to find out, if the proportion of accidents to danger levels has changed and found out, that people do not tend to take higher risk. Comparison of accidents with danger levels did not show particular differences for specific climatologic regions. The avalanche accident risk at a certain danger level is not influenced by a regional factor.}, keywords = {avalanche accident, avalanche accident statistics, avalanche forecast, avalanche } @ARTICLE{Hauert02a, author = {Hauert, C. and De Monte, S. and Hofbauer, J. and Sigmund, K.}, title = {Replicator Dynamics For Optional Public Good Games}, journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology}, year = {2002}, volume = {218}, pages = {187--194}} @ARTICLE{Hauert04, author = {Hauert, C. and Doebeli, M.}, title = {{Spatial structure often inhibits the evolution of cooperation in the snowdrift game}}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {428}, pages = {643--646}, abstract = {Understanding the emergence of cooperation is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology1. Evolutionary game theory2, 3 has become a powerful framework with which to investigate this problem. Two simple games have attracted most attention in theoretical and experimental studies: the Prisoner's Dilemma4 and the snowdrift game (also known as the hawk–dove or chicken game)5. In the Prisoner's Dilemma, the non-cooperative state is evolutionarily stable, which has inspired numerous investigations of suitable extensions that enable cooperative behaviour to persist. In particular, on the basis of spatial extensions of the Prisoner's Dilemma, it is widely accepted that spatial structure promotes the evolution of cooperation6, 7, 8. Here we show that no such general predictions can be made for the effects of spatial structure in the snowdrift game. In unstructured snowdrift games, intermediate levels of cooperation persist. Unexpectedly, spatial structure reduces the proportion of cooperators for a wide range of parameters. In particular, spatial structure eliminates cooperation if the cost-to-benefit ratio of cooperation is high. Our results caution against the common belief that spatial structure is necessarily beneficial for cooperative behaviour.} } @ARTICLE{Hauert02b, author = {Hauert, C. and Stenull, O.}, title = {Simple Adaptive Strategy Wins the Prisoner's Dilemma}, journal = {J Theor Biol}, year = {2002}, volume = {218}, pages = {261-272}, and indirect), spatial extension and empirical data in humans and animals}} @ARTICLE{Hayes00, author = {Hayes, A. and Martinoli, A. and Goodman, R. M.}, title = {Comparing Distributed Exploration Strategies With Simulated and Real Autonomous Robots }, year = {2000}, pages = {261-270}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Int. Symp. On Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems}, editor = {Parker, L. E. and Bekey, G. and Bahren, J.}, publisher = {Springer Verlag} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Haynes97, author = {Haynes, T. AND Sen, S.}, title = {Crossover Operators for Evolving A Team}, booktitle = {Genetic Programming 1997: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference}, year = {1997}, editor = {J. R. Koza AND K. Deb AND M. Dorigo AND D. B. Fogel AND M. Garzon, H. Iba and R. L. Riolo}, pages = {162-167}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann: Stanford University, CA, USA} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Haynes95, author = {T Haynes AND R Wainwright AND S Sen AND D Schoenefeld}, title = {Strongly typed genetic programming in evolving cooperation strategies}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms}, year = {1995}, editor = {Stephanie Forrest}, pages = {271-278}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufman} } @BOOK{hhgtec, title = {The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to Evolutionary Computation}, year = {2000}, author = {Heitkoetter, J. and Beasley, D}, howpublished = {http://surf.de.uu.net/encore/} } @ARTICLE{Helms04, author = {Helms, K. R. and Fournier, D. and Keller, L. and Passera, L. and Aron, S.}, title = {Colony Sex Ratios in the Facultatively Polygynous Ant Pheidole Pallidula: A Reanalysis With New Data}, journal = {Evolution}, year = {2004}, volume = {58}, pages = {1141--1142}, number = {5}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hertzog04, author = {Hertzog, P. and Torrens, M.}, title = {Context-aware mobile assistants for optimal interaction: a prototype for supporting the business traveler}, year = {2004}, pages = {256--258}, publisher = {ACM Press New York, NY, USA}, journal = {Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user } @ARTICLE{Heylighen92a, author = {Heylighen, F.}, title = {Selfish Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation}, journal = {Journal of Ideas}, year = {1992}, volume = {2}, pages = {77-84}, number = {4}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Heylighen92b, author = {Heylighen, F.}, title = {Evolution and Selfishness and Cooperation}, journal = {Journal of Ideas}, year = {1992}, volume = {2}, pages = {70-76}, number = {4}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hillis90, author = {Hillis, W. D.}, title = {Co-evolving parasites improve simulated evolution as an optimization procedure}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ninth annual international conference of the Center for Nonlinear Studies on Self-organizing, Collective, and Cooperative Phenomena in Natural and Artificial Computing Networks on Emergent computation}, year = {1990}, pages = {228 - 234}, abstract = {This paper shows an example of how simulated evolution can be applied to a practical optimization problem, and more specifically, how the addition of co-evolving parasites can improve the procedure by preventing the system from sticking at local maxima. Firstly an optimization procedure based on simulated evolution and its implementation on a parallel computer are described. Then an application of this system to the problem of generating minimal sorting networks is described. Finally it is shown how the introduction of a species of co-evolving parasites improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the procedure.} } @ARTICLE{Hobson05, author = {Hobson, J. A.}, title = {Sleep Is of the Brain, By the Brain and For the Brain}, year = {2005} } @ARTICLE{Hoekstra05, author = {Hoekstra, R. F.}, title = {Why Sex Is Good}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {434}, pages = {571-573}, number = {7033}, why is sex good some background on a long controversy. accompanying letter with general background to Goddard05}} @BOOK{Hoelldobler94, title = {{Journey to the ants. A story of scientific exploration.}}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = {1994} } @BOOK{Hoelldobler90, title = {The Ants}, publisher = {The Belkap Press of Harvard University Press}, year = {1990}, author = {Hoelldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O.} } @CONFERENCE{tHoen04, author = {'t Hoen, P.J. and de Jong, E.D.}, title = {Evolutionary multi-agent systems}, booktitle = {The 8th international conference on parallel problem solving from nature}, year = {2004}, pages = {872--881}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {In Multi-Agent learning, agents must learn to select actions that maximize their utility given the action choices of the other agents. Cooperative Coevolution oers a way to evolve multiple elements that together form a whole, by using a separate population for each element. We apply this setup to the problem of multi-agent learning, arriving at an evolutionary multi-agent system (EA-MAS). We study a problem that requires agents to select their actions in parallel, and investigate the problem solving capacity of the EA-MAS for a wide range of settings. Secondly, we investigate the transfer of the COllective INtelligence (COIN) framework to the EA-MAS. COIN is a proved engineering approach for learning of cooperative tasks in MASs, and consists of re-engineering the utilities of the agents so as to contribute to the global utility. It is found that, as in the Reinforcement Learning case, the use of the Wonderful Life Utility specified by COIN also leads to improved results for the EA-MAS.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Holland97, author = {Holland, O.}, title = {{Grey Walter: the pioneer of real artificial life}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Artificial Life}} } @ARTICLE{Holland99, author = {Holland, O. and Melhuish, C.}, title = {Stigmergy, Self-Organisation, and Sorting in Collective Robotics}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {1999}, volume = {5}, pages = {173-202}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Holland05, author = {Holland, O. and Woods, J. and De Nardi, R. and Clark, A.}, title = {Beyond Swarm Intelligence : The Ultraswarm}, journal = {IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium SIS2005}, year = {2005}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Hsu02, author = {Hsu, W. H. AND Gustafson, S. M.}, title = {Genetic programming and multi-agent layered learning by reinforcements}, booktitle = {GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference}, year = {2002}, editor = {W. B. Langdon, E. Cantu´ -Paz, K. Mathias, R. Roy, D. Davis, R. Poli, K. Balakrishnan, V. Honavar, G. Rudolph, J. Wegener, L. Bull, M. Potter, A. C. Schultz, J. F. Miller, E. Burke, and N. Jonoska}, pages = {764–771}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers}, abstract = {We present an adaptation of the standard genetic program (GP) to hierarchically decomposable, multi-agent learning problems. To break down a problem that requires cooperation of multiple agents, we use the team objective function to derive a simpler, intermediate objective function for pairs of cooperating agents. We appl y GP t o optimize first for the intermediate, then for the team objective function, using the final population from the earlier GP as the initial seed population for the next. This layered learning approach facilitates the discovery of primitive behaviors that can be reused and adapted towards complex objectives based on a shared team goal. We use this method to evolve agents to play a subproblem of robotic soccer (keep-away soccer). Finally, we show how layered learning GP evol ves better agents than standard GP, including GP with automatically defined functions, and how the problem decomposition results in a significant learning-speed increase.} } @ARTICLE{Huang92, author = {Huang, Z. -Y.}, title = {Honeybee Colony Integration: Worker-Worker Interactions Mediate Hormonally Regulated Plasticity in Division of Labor}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.}, year = {1992}, volume = {89}, pages = {11726-11729}} @ARTICLE{Huang96, author = {Huang, Z. -Y. and Robinson, G. E.}, title = {Regulation of Honey Bee Division of Labor By Colony Age Demography}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {1996}, volume = {39}, pages = {147--158}, project "Biological Modelling in Evolutionary Robotics" vasco medici background}, doi = {10.1007/s002650050276}} @ARTICLE{Hunt95, author = {Hunt, G. J. and Page, R. E. and Fondrk, M. K. and Dullum, C. J.}, title = {Major Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Honey Bee Foraging Behavior}, journal = {Genetics}, year = {1995}, volume = {141}, pages = {1537-1545}} @ARTICLE{Husbands97, author = {Philip Husbands and Inman Harvey and Dave Cliff and Geoffrey F. Miller}, title = {Artificial Evolution: {A} New Path For Artificial Intelligence}, journal = {Brain and {C}ognition}, year = {1997}, volume = {34}, pages = {130-159}, url = {citeseer.ist.psu.edu/husbands97artificial.html} } @ARTICLE{Iba97, author = {Iba, H; Nozoe, T.; Ueda, K.}, title = {Evolving communicating agents based on genetic programming}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation, 1997., IEEE International Conference on}, year = {1997}, pages = {297-302}, abstract = {The paper presents the emergence of the cooperative behavior for communicating agents by means of genetic programming (GP). Our experimental domain is the pursuit game, a multi agent test bed. The world consists of simulated robot agents and a simulated environment which is both dynamic and unpredictable. For the purpose of evolving the cooperative behavior, we use the co-evolutionary breeding strategy. We confirm the emergence of cooperation via communication. The effectiveness of GP based multi agent learning is discussed with comparative experiments}, doi = {10.1109/ICEC.1997.592321} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Ijspeert99, author = {Ijspeert, A. J.}, title = {Synthetic Approaches to Neurobiology: Review and Case Study in the Control of Anguiliform Locomotion}, booktitle = {ECAL 1999 - Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1999}, editor = {Floreano, D. and Nicoud, J. D. and Mondada, F.}, pages = {195-204}, publisher = {Springer Verlag Berlin}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Ijspeert07, author = {Ijspeert, A. J. AND Crespi, A. AND Ryczko, D. AND Cabelguen, JM}, title = {From swimming to walking with a salamander robot driven by a spinal cord model}, journal = {Science}, year = {2007}, volume = {315}, pages = {1416-1420}, abstract = {The transition from aquatic to terrestrial locomotion was a key development in vertebrate evolution. We present a spinal cord model and its implementation in an amphibious salamander robot that demonstrates how a primitive neural circuit for swimming can be extended by phylogenetically more recent limb oscillatory centers to explain the ability of salamanders to switch between swimming and walking. The model suggests neural mechanisms for modulation of velocity, direction, and type of gait that are relevant for all tetrapods. It predicts that limb oscillatory centers have lower intrinsic frequencies than body oscillatory centers, and we present biological data supporting this.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.315.5817.1352a} } @ARTICLE{Ijspeert01, author = {Ijspeert, A. J. and Martinoli, A. and Billard, A. and Gambardella, L. M.}, title = {Collaboration Through the Exploitation of Local Interactions in Autonomous Collective Robotics: The Stick Pulling Experiment}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2001}, volume = {9}, pages = {149-171}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Persson10-rosetta, author = {Jacob Persson, Axel Gallois, Anders Björkelund, Love Hafdell, Mathias Haaeg, Jacek Malec, Klas Nilsson, Pierre Nugues}, title = {A Knowledge Integration Framework for Robotics}, booktitle = {International Symposium on Robotics 2010, 7-9 June 2010, Munich, Germany}, year = {2010}, } @ARTICLE{Jakobi98b, author = {Jakobi, N.}, title = {Running Across the Reality Gap: Octopod Locomotion Evolved in a Minimal Simulation}, journal = {EvoRobots}, year = {1998}, pages = {39-58}} @ARTICLE{Jakobi97a, author = {Jakobi, N.}, title = {Evolutionary Robotics and the Radical Envelope of Noise}, journal = {Adaptive Behavior}, year = {1997}, volume = {6}, pages = {325}, number = {2}, publisher = {ISAB} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Jakobi97b, author = {Jakobi, N.}, title = {Half-Baked, Ad-Hoc, and Noisy: Minimal Simulations For Evolutionary Robotics}, booktitle = {Proc. of the Fourth European Conf. On Artificial Life}, year = {1997}, pages = {348-357}, publisher = {MIT Press}, media = {"ps"} } @ARTICLE{Jakobi95, author = {Jakobi, N. and Husbands, P. and Harvey, I.}, title = {Noise and The Reality Gap: The Use of Simulation in Evolutionary Robotics}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {1995}, volume = {929}, pages = {704--720} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobi98, author = {Jakobi, N. and Quinn, M.}, title = {Some Problems (and a Few Solutions) For Open-Ended Evolutionary Robotics}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Robotics: First European Workshop, EvoRobot98}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, year = {1998}, editor = {Husbands, P. and Meyer, J. A.}, pages = {108-122}, month = {1998}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Janic01, author = {Milan Janic AND Aura Reggiani}, title = {Integrated transport systems in the European Union: an overview of some recent developments}, journal = {Transport Reviews}, year = {2001}, pages = {469 - 497}, abstract = {This paper presents an overview of some recent developments in and policy issues relating to integrated transport systems in the European Union (EU). Both goods and passenger transport systems are considered in the context of actions recently undertaken and supported by the EU. The paper considers the very general background of these systems at the EU scale and offers insights into some recent successful and promising policy, real-life, and research attainments. In addition, it attempts to identify some directions for future actions in fields such as transport policy, transport technology, transport economics and transport scenarios.}, doi = {10.1080/01441640110042147} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Janssen11, author = {Janssen, Rob and Gajamohan, Mohanarajah and Huebel, Nico and Perzylo, Alexander and Molengraft, Rene van de}, title = {Hierarchical Information Sharing for Multi-Robot Learning: A Practical Implementation Using RoboEarth}, booktitle = {International Conference on Robotics and Automation}, year = {2011}, publisher = {IEEE} } @ARTICLE{Dean04, author = {Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat}, title = {MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters}, journal = {OSDI'04: Sixth Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation}, year = {2004} } @ARTICLE{Jette-Charbonneau05, author = {Jette-Charbonneau, S. and Charbonneau, R. and Lahoud, N. and Mattiussi, G.A. and Berini, P.}, title = {Bragg gratings based on long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguides: comparison of theory and experiment}, journal = {Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of}, year = {2005}, volume = {41}, pages = {1480--1491}, number = {12}, month = {Dec.} } @ARTICLE{Jillson80, author = {Jillson, D. A.}, title = {Insect Populations Respond to Fluctuating Environments}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1980}, volume = {288}, pages = {699-700}} @ARTICLE{Jim01, author = {Jim, K.-C. AND Giles, C. L.}, title = {Talking Helps: Evolving Communicating Agents for the Predator-Prey Pursuit Problem}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {2001}, volume = {6}, pages = {237-254} } @ARTICLE{Johnson90, author = {Johnson, M.L. and Gaines, M.S.}, title = {{Evolution of Dispersal: Theoretical Models and Empirical Tests Using Birds and Mammals}}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics}, year = {1990}, volume = {21}, pages = {449--480} } @ARTICLE{Johnstone94, author = {Johnstone, R. A.}, title = {Female Preference For Symmetrical Males As a By-Product of Selection For Mate Recognition}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1994}, volume = {372}, pages = {172-175} } @UNPUBLISHED{Jones95, author = {Jones, Terry}, title = {One Operator, One Landscape}, year = {1995}, address = {Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA}, media = {"ps"} } @ARTICLE{Jost04, author = {Jost, C. and Garnier, S. and Jeanson, R. and Asadpour, M. and Gautrais, J. and Theraulaz, G.}, title = {Embodiment of Cockroach Behaviour in a Micro-Robot, The}, year = {2004}, howpublished = {ISR 2004}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Kaessmann01, author = {Kaessmann, H.}, title = {Great Ape DNA Sequences Reveal a Reduced Diversity and an Expansion in Humans}, journal = {Nature Genetics}, year = {2001}, volume = {27}, pages = {155-156}, month = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Kaessmann99, author = {Kaessmann, H. and Heissig, F. and Von Haeseler, A. and Paeaebo, S.}, title = {DNA Sequence Variation in a Non-Coding Region of Low Recombination On the Human X Chromosome}, journal = {Nature Genetics}, year = {1999}, volume = {22}, pages = {78-81}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Kaplan09, author = {Kaplan, S.N. and Sensoy, B.A. and Stromberg, P.}, title = {{Should investors bet on the jockey or the horse? Evidence from the evolution of firms from early business plans to public companies}}, journal = {The Journal of Finance}, year = {2009}, volume = {64}, pages = {75--115}, number = {1}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc} } @ARTICLE{Kauffman69, author = {Kauffman, S. A}, title = {Metabolic Stability and Epigenesis in Randomly Constructed Genetic Nets}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {1969}, volume = {22}, pages = {437-467}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Kawauchi92, author = {Kawauchi, Y. and Inaba, M. and Fukuda, T.}, title = {Self-organizing intelligence for cellular robotic systemCEBOT'with genetic knowledge production algorithm}, booktitle = {Robotics and Automation, 1992. Proceedings., 1992 IEEE International Conference on}, year = {1992}, pages = {813--818}, abstract = {The authors propose a genetic knowledge production algorithm (GKPA) for CEBOT, in order to realize a self-organizing and self-evolutionary knowledge system. They propose a new kind of distributed intelligence system which is based on the concept of CEBOT employing the GKPA. This proposed intelligence system has capabilities of learning, reasoning, and self-organizing. This system consists of various kinds of intelligence units called knowledge-cells. As an example of the applications of the self-organizing intelligence, a robotic manipulator capable of learning and reasoning has been made from the CEBOT concept by installing the intelligence system with GKPA in the manipulator. The knowledge acquisition ability of the manipulator is demonstrated by experimental results} } @BOOK{Keijzer01, title = {Representation and Behavior}, publisher = {The MIT Press}, year = {2001}, author = {Keijzer, F.}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts} } @ARTICLE{Keller97, author = {Keller, L.}, title = {Indiscriminate Altruism: Unduly Nice Parents and Siblings.}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {1997}, volume = {12}, pages = {99-103}} @INBOOK{Keller02a, chapter = {1}, pages = {1--8}, title = {Eusociality and Cooperation}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group, London}, year = {2002}, author = {Keller, L. and Chapuisat, M.}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Life Sciences}, journal = {Encyclopedia of Life Sciences}, media = {"pdf"} } @INBOOK{Keller02b, pages = {595-600}, title = {Kin Selection}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2002}, author = {Keller, L. and Reeve, H. K.}, address = {New York, NY}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Evolution}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Keller98b, author = {Keller, L. and Reeve, H. K.}, title = {Familarity Breeds Cooperation}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1998}, volume = {394}, pages = {121-122}} @ARTICLE{Keller98a, author = {Keller, L. and Ross, K. G.}, title = {Selfish Genes: a Green Beard in the Red Fire Ant}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1998}, volume = {394}, pages = {573-575}, month = {8}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Kennedy06, author = {Kennedy, D.}, title = {Acts of God?}, journal = {Science}, year = {2006}, down the shades to not view the Alps and global warming. Excellent.}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Kennedy95, author = {Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R.}, title = {{Particle swarm optimization}}, booktitle = {Neural Networks, 1995. Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on}, year = {1995}, volume = {4}, pages = {1942-1948}, abstract = {A concept for the optimization of nonlinear functions using particle swarm methodology is introduced. The evolution of several paradigms is outlined, and an implementation of one of the paradigms is discussed. Benchmark testing of the paradigm is described, and applications, including nonlinear function optimization and neural network training, are proposed. The relationships between particle swarm optimization and both artificial life and genetic algorithms are described}, journal = {Neural Networks, 1995. Proceedings., IEEE International Conference } @ARTICLE{Kessin00, author = {Kessin, R. H.}, title = {Cooperation Can Be Dangerous}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2000}, volume = {408}, pages = {917-919}, doi = {doi:10.1038/35050184}} @ARTICLE{Khamsi05, author = {Khamsi, R.}, title = {Reference Revolution}, journal = {Nature News}, year = {2005} } @ARTICLE{King04ScientificImpactOfNations, author = {King, D. A.}, title = {The Scientific Impact of Nations}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {430}, pages = {311-316} } @ARTICLE{King04, author = {King, RD and Whelan, KE and Jones, FM and Reiser, PG and Bryant, CH and Muggleton, SH and Kell, DB and Oliver, SG}, title = {{Functional genomic hypothesis generation and experimentation by a robot scientist.}}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {427}, pages = {247--52}, number = {6971}, abstract = {The question of whether it is possible to automate the scientific process is of both great theoretical interest and increasing practical importance because, in many scientific areas, data are being generated much faster than they can be effectively analysed. We describe a physically implemented robotic system that applies techniques from artificial intelligence to carry out cycles of scientific experimentation. The system automatically originates hypotheses to explain observations, devises experiments to test these hypotheses, physically runs the experiments using a laboratory robot, interprets the results to falsify hypotheses inconsistent with the data, and then repeats the cycle. Here we apply the system to the determination of gene function using deletion mutants of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and auxotrophic growth experiments. We built and tested a detailed logical model (involving genes, proteins and metabolites) of the aromatic amino acid synthesis pathway. In biological experiments that automatically reconstruct parts of this model, we show that an intelligent experiment selection strategy is competitive with human performance and significantly outperforms, with a cost decrease of 3-fold and 100-fold (respectively), both cheapest and random-experiment selection.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Kingdon95, author = {Kingdon, J. and Dekke, L.}, title = {Shape of Space, The}, booktitle = {Proc. of the First IEE/IEEE Int. Conf. On Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Systems: Innovations and Applications}, year = {1995}, pages = {543--548}, address = {London}, publisher = {IEE}, media = {"pdf"} } @CONFERENCE{Klein08, author = {Klein, G. and Murray, D.}, title = {{Parallel tracking and mapping for small AR workspaces}}, booktitle = {Mixed and Augmented Reality, 2007. ISMAR 2007. 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on}, year = {2008}, pages = {225--234}, organization = {IEEE} } @MISC{Knight04, author = {Knight, J.}, title = {Science in the Movies: Hollywood Or Bust}, year = {2004}, journal = {Nature}, pages = {720 - 722}, volume = {430} } @ARTICLE{Kober10, author = {Kober, J. and Mohler, B. and Peters, J.}, title = {{Imitation and reinforcement learning for motor primitives with perceptual coupling}}, journal = {From Motor Learning to Interaction Learning in Robots}, year = {2010}, pages = {209--225}, abstract = {Traditional motor primitive approaches deal largely with open-loop poli- cies which can only deal with small perturbations. In this paper, we present a new type of motor primitive policies which serve as closed-loop policies together with an appropriate learning algorithm. Our new motor primitives are an augmented ver- sion version of the dynamical system-based motor primitives [6] that incorporates perceptual coupling to external variables. We show that these motor primitives can perform complex tasks such as Ball-in-a-Cup or Kendama task even with large variances in the initial conditions where a skilled human player would be chal- lenged. We initialize the open-loop policies by imitation learning and the perceptual coupling with a handcrafted solution. We first improve the open-loop policies and subsequently the perceptual coupling using a novel reinforcement learning method which is particularly well-suited for dynamical system-based motor primitives.}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Kokko03, author = {Kokko, H.}, title = {{Are reproductive skew models evolutionarily stable?}}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, year = {2003}, volume = {270}, pages = {265}, number = {1512}, abstract = {Reproductive skew theory has become a popular way to phrase problems and test hypotheses of social evolution. The diversity of reproductive skew models probably stems from the ease of generating new variations. However, I show that the logical basis of skew models, that is, the way in which group formation is modelled, makes use of hidden assumptions that may be problematical as they are unlikely to be fulfilled in all social systems. I illustrate these problems by re-analysing the basic concessive skew model with staying incentives. First, the model assumes that dispersal is an all-or-nothing response: all subordinates disperse as soon as concessions drop below a certain value. This leads to a discontinuous ‘cliff-edge’ shape of dominant fitness, and it is not clear that selection will balance a population at such an edge. Second, it is assumed that subordinates have perfect knowledge of their benefits if they stay in the group. I examine the effects of relaxing these two assumptions. Relaxing the first one strengthens reproductive skew theory, but relaxing the latter makes evolutionary stability disappear. In cases where subordinates cannot accu- rately measure benefits provided by the individual dominant with which they live, so that their behaviour instead evolves as a response to population-wide average benefits, the logic of reproductive skew models does not apply. This warns against too indiscriminate an application of reproductive skew theory to prob- lems in social evolution: for example, transactional models of extra-pair paternity assume perfect knowl- edge of paternity, which is unlikely to hold true in nature. It is recommended that models specify the mechanisms by which individuals can adjust their behaviour to that of others, and pay attention to changes that occur in evolutionary versus behavioural time.}, keywords = {extra-pair paternity; evolutionary stability; reproductive skew; social groups}, publisher = {The Royal Society} } @ARTICLE{Komosinski03, author = {Komosinski, M.}, title = {The Framsticks System: Versatile Simulator of 3D Agents and Their Evolution}, journal = {Kybernetes}, year = {2003}, volume = {32}, pages = {156-173}, number = {1/2}} @ARTICLE{Korb04, author = {Korb, J and Heinze, J.}, title = {Multilevel Selection and Social Evolution of Insect Societies}, journal = {Naturwissenschaften}, year = {2004}, volume = {91}, pages = {291-304}, number = {6}, month = {6}, booktitle = {Naturwissenschaften}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag Heidelberg} } @BOOK{Koza92, title = {{Genetic Programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection}}, publisher = {Bradford Book}, year = {1992} } @ARTICLE{Krakauer05, author = {Krakauer, A. H.}, title = {Kin Selection and Cooperative Courtship in Wild Turkeys}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {434}, pages = {69-72}, of cooperation in turkeys
skew models for turkeys :)}} @ARTICLE{Krieger00b, author = {Krieger, M. J. B. and Billeter, J. B.}, title = {The Call of Duty: Self-Organised Task Allocation in a Population of Up to Twelve Mobile Robots}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {2000}, volume = {30}, pages = {65--84}, a fixed individual activation threshold. The two possible tasks were "searching for food" and "resting"}} @ARTICLE{Krieger00a, author = {Krieger, M. J. B. and Billeter, J. B. and Keller, L.}, title = {Ant-Like Task Allocation and Recruitment in Cooperative Robots}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2000}, volume = {406}, pages = {992-995}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Krieger05, author = {Krieger, N.}, title = {Lifetime Socioeconomic Position and Twins' Health: an Analysis of 308 Pairs of United States Women Twins}, journal = {PLOS}, year = {2005}, volume = {2}, pages = {645-653}, number = {7}, factors on adult health - genes or not i.e. environment?}} @ARTICLE{Krucoff05, author = {Krucoff, M. W. and Crater, S. W. and Gallup, D. and Blankenship, J. C. and Cuffe, M. and Guarneri, M. and Krieger, R. A. and Kshettry, V. R. and Morris, K. and Oz, M. and Pichard, A. and Sketch Jr, M. H. and Koenig, H. G. and Mark, D. and Lee, K. L.}, title = {Music, Imagery, Touch, and Prayer As Adjuncts to Interventional Cardiac Care: the Monitoring and Actualisation of Noetic Trainings (MANTRA) II Randomised Study}, journal = {The Lancet}, year = {2005}, volume = {366}, pages = {211-217} } @ARTICLE{Kube00, author = {Kube, C. R. and Bonabeau, E.}, title = {Cooperative Transport By Ants and Robots}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {2000}, volume = {30}, pages = {85-101}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Kube93, author = {Kube, C. R. and Zhang, H.}, title = {Collective Robotics: From Social Insects to Robots}, journal = {Adaptive Behavior}, year = {1993}, volume = {2}, pages = {189-219}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Lamma01, author = {Lamma, E. and Pereira, L.M. and Riguzzi, F.}, title = {Belief Revision by Multi-Agent Genetic Search}, booktitle = {In Proc. of the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Logic for Multi-Agent Systems, Paphos, Cyprus, December}, year = {2001} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Landis97, author = {Landis, GA}, title = {Mars dust removal technology}, year = {1997}, volume = {1}, abstract = {The Mars atmosphere contains a significant load of suspended dust. Settling of atmospheric dust onto the surface of the solar array is potentially a lifetime limiting factor for a power system on any Mars mission. For long-term operation of arrays on Mars, it may be necessary to develop techniques to remove deposited dust. Dust is expected to adhere to the array by Van der Waals adhesive forces. These forces are quite strong at the dust particle sizes expected. If the array surface is insulating, it is possible that they may also be subject to electrostatic adhesion, which may be extremely strong. Dust removal methods must overcome this force. Dust removal methods can be categorized briefly into four categories: natural, mechanical, electromechanical, and electrostatic. The environment of Mars is expected to be an ideal one for use of electrostatic dust removal techniques}, journal = {Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1997. IECEC-97. Proceedings } @ARTICLE{Langer04, author = {Langer, P. and Hogendoorn, K. and Keller, L., }, title = {Tug-of-War Over Reproduction in a Social Bee}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {428}, pages = {844-847}} @ARTICLE{Langridge04, author = {Langridge, E. A. and Franks, N. R. and Sendova-Franks, A. B.}, title = {Improvement in Collective Performance With Experience in Ants}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {2004}, volume = {56}, pages = {523--529}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Larsen01, author = {Larsen, J. B.}, title = {Division of Labour in Simulated Ant Colonies Under Spatial Constraints}, booktitle = {ECAL 2001}, year = {2001}, editor = {Kelemen, J. and Sosik, P.}, pages = {338-348}, publisher = {Springer Verlag Berlin}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Lehmann06, author = {Lehmann, L. and Keller, L.}, title = {The Evolution of Cooperation and Altruism: A General Framework and a Classification of Models.}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, year = {2006}, volume = {19}, pages = {1365-1376}, abstract = {One of the enduring puzzles in biology and the social sciences is the origin and persistence of intraspecific cooperation and altruism in humans and other species. Hundreds of theoretical models have been proposed and there is much confusion about the relationship between these models. To clarify the situation, we developed a synthetic conceptual framework that delineates the conditions necessary for the evolution of altruism and cooperation. We show that at least one of the four following conditions needs to be fulfilled: direct benefits to the focal individual performing a cooperative act; direct or indirect information allowing a better than random guess about whether a given individual will behave cooperatively in repeated reciprocal interactions; preferential interactions between related individuals; and genetic correlation between genes coding for altruism and phenotypic traits that can be identified. When one or more of these conditions are met, altruism or cooperation can evolve if the cost-to-benefit ratio of altruistic and cooperative acts is greater than a threshold value. The cost-to-benefit ratio can be altered by coercion, punishment and policing which therefore act as mechanisms facilitating the evolution of altruism and cooperation. All the models proposed so far are explicitly or implicitly built on these general principles, allowing us to classify them into four general categories.}, doi = {doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01119.x}} @ARTICLE{Lehmann07b, author = {Lehmann, L. and Keller, L. and Sumpter, DJT}, title = {{The evolution of helping and harming on graphs: the return of the inclusive fitness effect.}}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, year = {2007}, volume = {20}, pages = {2284} } @ARTICLE{Lehmann07, author = {Lehmann, L. and Keller, L. and West, S. and Roze, D.}, title = {{Group selection and kin selection: Two concepts but one process}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2007}, volume = {104}, pages = {6736}, number = {16}, publisher = {National Acad Sciences} } @ARTICLE{Leigh91, author = {Leigh, E. G.}, title = {Genes, Bees and Ecosystems: The Evolution of a Common Interest Among Individuals}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {1991}, volume = {6}, pages = {257-262}} @ARTICLE{Lerman02, author = {Lerman, K. and Galstyan, A.}, title = {Mathematical Model of Foraging in a Group of Robots: Effect of Interference}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2002}, volume = {13}, pages = {127-141}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Li02, author = {Li, L. and Martinoli, A. and Abu-Mostafa, Y. S.}, title = {Emergent Specialisation in Swarm Systems}, booktitle = {Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning - IDEAL 2002: Third International Conference, Manchester, UK, August 12-14, 2002. Proceedings}, year = {2002}, volume = {2412}, pages = {261-266}, journal = {LNCS} } @ARTICLE{Linden03, author = {Linden, G. and Smith, B. and York, J.}, title = {{Amazon.com recommendations: Item-to-item collaborative filtering}}, journal = {IEEE Internet computing}, year = {2003}, volume = {7}, pages = {76--80} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Lohn95, author = {Lohn, JD and Reggia, JA}, title = {Discovery of self-replicating structures using a genetic algorithm}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Computation, 1995., IEEE International Conference on}, year = {1995}, volume = {2}, pages = {678-683}, abstract = {Previous computational models of self-replication in cellular spaces have been manually designed, a very difficult and time-consuming process. This paper introduces the use of genetic algorithms to discover automata rules that govern emergent self-replicating processes. Given dynamically evolving automata, identification of effective fitness functions for self-replicating structures is a difficult task, and we give one solution to this problem. A model consisting of movable automata embedded in a cellular space is introduced and discussed in this context. A genetic algorithm using two fitness criteria was applied to automate rule discovery. After parameter tuning, 6 self-replicating structures consisting of 2, 3 and 4 automata were discovered over a course of 75 genetic algorithm runs. These results indicate that the fitness functions employed are effective and that genetic algorithms can be used to successfully discover rules for self-replicating structures}, doi = {dOI:10.1109/ICEC.1995.487466} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Luke98, author = {Luke, S.}, title = {Genetic programming produced competitive soccer softbot teams for Robocup97}, booktitle = {Genetic Programming 1998: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference}, year = {1998}, editor = {Banzhaf, W. AND Chellapilla, K AND Deb, K. AND Dorigo, M. AND Fogel, D. AND Garzon, M. AND Goldberg, D. AND Iba H. AND Koza, J. AND Riolo, R.}, pages = {214-222}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, abstract = {At RoboCup, teams of autonomous robots or soft- waresoftbotscompetein simulatedsoccermatches to demonstrate cooperative robotics techniques in a very difficult, real-time, noisy environment. At the IJCAI/RoboCup97 softbot competition, all entries but ours used human-crafted cooperative decision-making behaviors. We instead entered a softbot team whose high-level decision making behaviors had been entirely evolved using genetic programming. Our team won its first two games against human-crafted opponent teams, and re- ceived the RoboCup Scientific Challenge Award. This report discusses the issues we faced and the approach we took to use GP to evolve our robot } @INPROCEEDINGS{Luke97, author = {Luke, S. and Hohn, C. and Farris, J. and Jackson, G. and Hendler, J.}, title = {Co-Evolving Soccer Softbot Team Coordination With Genetic Programming}, booktitle = {Proceedings of The First International Workshop On RoboCup, IJCAI-97, Nagoya}, year = {1997}, pages = {214--222}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Luke96, author = {Luke, S. and Spector, L.}, title = {Evolving Teamwork and Coordination With Genetic Programming}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Genetic Programming 1996 (GP96), Stanford}, year = {1996}, pages = {150--156}} @CONFERENCE{Lupashin10, author = {Lupashin, S. and Schollig, A. and Sherback, M. and D'Andrea, R.}, title = {{A simple learning strategy for high-speed quadrocopter multi-flips}}, booktitle = {Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2010 IEEE International Conference on}, year = {2010}, pages = {1642--1648}, organization = {IEEE} } @ARTICLE{Lynch03, author = {Lynch, M. and Conery, J. S.}, title = {Origins of Genome Complexity, The}, journal = {Science}, year = {2003}, volume = {302}, pages = {1401-1404}, have generally small population sizes! Implications for artif. evo???}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Lopezpelaez08, author = {L{\'o}pez Pel{\'a}ez, A. and Kyriakou, D.}, title = {{Robots, genes and bytes: technology development and social changes towards the year 2020}}, journal = {Technological Forecasting \& Social Change}, year = {2008}, volume = {75}, pages = {1176--1201}, abstract = {Scientific and technological policy has become a key activity in contemporary societies. In this context we present different projections about the evolution of science and technology in the area of robotics and advanced automation, which in turn shapes the new possibilities and risks emerging in this area in the future. This goes hand-in-hand with an analysis of the interaction of such trajectories with the social context from which they emanate. This interaction reinforces the need for establishing the probable sequence of technological innovation; analysing the impacts on economy and society; and providing qualified information for decision-making, both in policy and business. In this article, we present the results of the prospective research carried out in the field of robotics and advanced automation, paying special attention to the transformation trends of organizations, and the integration of robots in daily life and leisure, and underscoring potential repercussions which may deserve more attention and further research.}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @ARTICLE{MacColl04, author = {MacColl, A.D.C. and Hatchwell, B.J.}, title = {{Determinants of lifetime fitness in a cooperative breeder, the long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus}}, journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology}, year = {2004}, volume = {73}, pages = {1137--1148}, number = {6}, abstract = {1. Long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus) are a cooperatively breeding species in which helpers often invest effort in the provisioning of young that are not their own. 2. We quantified the lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and the individual fitness, lambda, of 228 long-tailed tits using 8 years of field data. Calculation of lambda took account of the effect of helpers on reproductive success, and thus lambda estimates the inclusive fitness of individuals. We examined the relationships between the fitness estimators and the provisioning effort, cohort, body size and dispersal status of individuals. 3. LRS of individuals which bred successfully varied between 0 and 13 local recruits (mean 0·71 ± 0·11 SE); lambda varied between 0 and 2·54 (mean 0·28 ± 0·04). The measures were highly correlated, and their distributions were strongly skewed. Helping by individuals contributed little to their fitness, but one-fifth of birds that accrued fitness did so only through helping. In general, individuals that gained fitness from helping did not gain fitness directly. 4. Both LRS and individual fitness were significant predictors of the number of grand-offspring that an individual had, but they accounted for only about one-third of the variation. 5. When variance in LRS was partitioned between length of breeding life span, average fecundity and offspring survival, the latter component was the most important in accounting for variance in LRS. 6. Offspring local survival was positively related to the provisioning effort of mothers, but was unrelated to that of fathers. As a result, the fitness of females was positively related to their provisioning effort. 7. Immigrant birds tended to be more reproductively successful than philopatric ones. Among females, only immigrant birds accrued any LRS or individual fitness. 8. The probability that an individual had at least one offspring recruit to the local breeding population varied among cohorts, probably as a result of variation among years in offspring local survival. This resulted in variation among cohorts in the individual fitness of females, but not in their LRS, nor in the LRS or individual fitness of males.}, publisher = {Blackwell Synergy} } @MISC{Enki, author = {Magnenat, S. AND Waibel, M.}, title = {Enki, a fast physics-based 2{D} simulator}, howpublished = {http://teem.epfl.ch} } @MISC{Teem, author = {Magnenat, S. AND Waibel, M. AND Beyeler, A.}, title = {Teem, an open evolutionary framework}, howpublished = {http://teem.epfl.ch} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Marder-Eppstein2010, author = {Eitan Marder-Eppstein and Eric Berger and Tully Foote and Brian P. Gerkey and Kurt Konolige}, title = {The Office Marathon: Robust Navigation in an Indoor Office Environment}, booktitle = {International Conference on Robotics and Automation}, year = {2010}, month = {05/2010}, abstract = {

This paper describes a navigation system that allowed a robot to complete 26.2 miles of autonomous navigation in a real office environment. We present the methods required to achieve this level of robustness, including an efficient Voxel-based 3D mapping algorithm that explicitly models unknown space. We also provide an open-source implementation of the algorithms used, as well as simulated environments in which our results can be verified.

}, url = {http://www.ros.org/wiki/Papers/ICRA2010_Marder-Eppstein} } @ARTICLE{Marocco03, author = {Marocco, D. and Cangelosi, A. and Nolfi, S.}, title = {The Role of Social and Cognitive Abilities in the Emergence of Communication: Experiments in Evolutionary Robotics}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London - A}, year = {2003}, volume = {361}, pages = {2397-2421}, language link using a population of simulated robot arms, each presented with one object. the population lives in an environment consisting of only cubes or spheres, which changes from epoch to epoch. the task is to stay in contact with the sphere but avoid the cube. agents communicate with one other agent. the emergence of a communication protocol is analyzed}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Marocco06a, author = {Marocco, D. and Nolfi, S.}, title = {Emergence of Communication in Teams of Embodied and Situated Agents}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Evolution of Language}, year = {2006}, editor = { A., Cangelosi, A. D. M., Smith, K. Smith }, pages = {198-205}, publisher = {Singapore: World Scientific}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Marocco06b, author = {Marocco, D. and Nolfi, S.}, title = {Self-Organization of Communication in Evolving Robots}, booktitle = {Proceeding of the Tenth International Conference On Artificial Life: AlifeX}, year = {2006}, editor = {Luis Mateus Rocha AND Larry S. Yaeger AND Mark A. Bedau AND Dario Floreano AND Robert L. Goldstone AND Alessandro Vespignani}, pages = {199-205}, publisher = {Boomington: MIT Press}} @MISC{Martinolireview, author = {Martinoli, A.}, title = {Review of "Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems" By Bonabeau Et Al.}, media = {"pdf"} } @PHDTHESIS{Martinoli99b, author = {Martinoli, A.}, title = {Swarm Intelligence in Autonomous Collective Robotics: From Tools to the Analysis and Synthesis of Distributed Control Strategies}, school = {Ecole polytechnique f\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL)}, year = {1999}, media = {"pdf"} } @PHDTHESIS{Martinoli99bCh5, author = {Martinoli, A.}, title = {Chapter 5: Evolution of Distributed Control Strategies}, school = {EPFL}, year = {1999}, booktitle = {Swarm Intelligence in Autonomous Collective Robotics: From Tools to the Analysis and Synthesis of Distributed Control Strategies}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Martinoli04, author = {Martinoli, A. and Easton, K. and Agassounon, W.}, title = {Modeling Swarm Robotic Systems: A Case Study in Collaborative Distributed Manipulation}, journal = {Int. Journal of Robotics Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {23}, pages = {415-436}, number = {4}, editor = {B. Siciliano}} @ARTICLE{Martinoli99a, author = {Martinoli, A. and Ijspeert, A. J. and Mondada, F.}, title = {Understanding Collective Aggregation Mechanisms: From Probabilistic Modelling to Experiments With Real Robots}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {1999}, volume = {29}, pages = {51-63}, booktitle = {Special Issue On Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Martinoli98, author = {Martinoli, A. and Mondada, F.}, title = {Probabilistic Modelling of a Bio-Inspired Collective Experiment With Real Robots}, journal = {Unpublished and Francesco's PhD}, year = {1998}, media = {"pdf"}, school = {EPF Lausanne} } @ARTICLE{Martinoli02, author = {Martinoli, A. and Theraulaz, G. and Deneubourg, J. -L.}, title = {Quand Les Robots Imitent La Nature}, journal = {La Recherche}, year = {2002}, volume = {358}, pages = {56-62}, number = {november}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Mataric94b, author = {Mataric, M.J.}, title = {Reward Functions for Accelerated Learning}, journal = {International Conference on Machine Learning}, year = {1994}, pages = {181--189} } @ARTICLE{Mataric96, author = {Mataric, M. and Cliff, D.}, title = {Challenges in Evolving Controllers For Physical Robots}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {1996}, volume = {19}, pages = {67-83}, number = {1}, media = {"ps"} } @ARTICLE{Mataric94a, author = {Mataric, M. J.}, title = {Learning to Behave Socially}, journal = {Proceedings, From Animals to Animats 3, Third International Conference On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB-94)}, year = {1994}, pages = {453-462}, editor = {D. Cliff, P. Husbands, J-A. Meyer and S. Wilson}, publisher = {MIT Press} } @ARTICLE{Mataric98, author = {Mataric, M. J.}, title = {Coordination and Learning in Multi-Robot Systems}, journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems}, year = {1998}, volume = {13}, pages = {06.08.2004}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Mataric98b, author = {Mataric, M. J.}, title = {Using communication to reduce locality in distributed multiagent learning}, journal = {Journal of Experimental \& Theoretical Artificial Intelligence}, year = {1998}, volume = {10}, pages = {357--369}, number = {3}, abstract = {This paper attempts to bridge the elds of machine learning, robotics, and distributed AI. It discusses the use of communication in reducing the undesirable eects of locality in fully distributed multi-agent systems with multiple agents/robots learning in parallel while interacting with each other. Two key problems, hidden state and credit assignment, are addressed by applying local undirected broadcast communication in a dual role: as sensing and as reinforcement. The methodology is demonstrated on two multi-robot learning experiments. The rst describes learning a tightly-coupled coordination task with two robots, the second a loosely-coupled task with four robots learning social rules. Communication is used to 1) share sensory data to overcome hidden state and 2) share reinforcement to overcome the credit assignment problem between the agents and bridge the gap between local/individual and global/group payo.}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Mataric92, author = {Mataric, M. J.}, title = {Behavior Based Control: Main Properties and Implications}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference On Robotics and Automation}, year = {1992}, month = {5}, media = {"ps"} } @ARTICLE{Mataric03, author = {Mataric, M. J. and Sukhatme, G. S. and Ostergaard, E.}, title = {Multi-Robot Task Allocation in Uncertain Environments}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2003}, volume = {14}, pages = {255-263}, number = {02.03.2004}, media = {"pdf"} } @PHDTHESIS{Mattiussi05, author = {Mattiussi, Claudio}, title = {Evolutionary synthesis of analog networks}, school = {Ecole polytechnique f\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL)}, year = {2005}, address = {Lausanne}, abstract = {The significant increase in the available computational power that took place in recent decades has been accompanied by a growing interest in the application of the evolutionary approach to the synthesis of many kinds of systems and, in particular, to the synthesis of systems like analog electronic circuits, neural networks, and, more generally, autonomous systems, for which no satisfying systematic and general design methodology has been found to date. Despite some interesting results in the evolutionary synthesis of these kinds of systems, the endowment of an artificial evolutionary process with the potential for an appreciable increase of complexity of the systems thus generated appears still an open issue. In this thesis the problem of the evolutionary growth of complexity is addressed taking as starting point the insights contained in the published material reporting the unfinished work done in the late 1940s and early 1950s by John von Neumann on the theory of self-reproducing automata. The evolutionary complexity-growth conditions suggested in that work are complemented here with a series of auxiliary conditions inspired by what has been discovered since then relatively to the structure of biological systems, with a particular emphasis on the workings of genetic regulatory networks seen as the most elementary, full-fledged level of organization of existing living organisms. In this perspective, the first chapter is devoted to the formulation of the problem of the evolutionary growth of complexity, going from the description of von Neumann's complexity-growth conditions to the specification of a set of auxiliary complexity-growth conditions derived from the analysis of the operation of genetic regulatory networks. This leads to the definition of a particular structure for the kind of systems that will be evolved and to the specification of the genetic representation for them. A system with the required structure ? for which the name analog network is suggested ? corresponds to a collection of devices whose terminals are connected by links characterized by a scalar value of interaction strength. One of the specificities of the evolutionary system defined in this thesis is the way these values of interaction strength are determined. This is done by associating with each device terminal of the evolving analog network a sequence of characters extracted from the sequences that constitute the genome representing the network, and by defining a map from pairs of sequences of characters to values of interaction strength. Whereas the first chapter gives general prescriptions for the definition of an evolutionary system endowed with the desired complexity-growth potential, the second chapter is devoted to the specification of all the details of an actual implementation of those prescriptions. In this chapter the structure of the genome and of the corresponding genetic operators are defined. A technique for the genetic encoding of the devices constituting the analog network is described, along with a way to implement the map that specifies the interaction between the devices of the evolved system, and between them and the devices constituting the external environment of the evolved system. The proposed implementation of the interaction map is based on the local alignment of sequences of characters. It is shown how the parameters defining the local alignment can be chosen, and what strategies can be adopted to prevent the proliferation of unwanted interactions. The third chapter is devoted to the application of the evolutionary system defined in the second chapter to problems aimed at assessing the suitability in an evolutionary context of the local alignment technique and to problems aimed at assessing the evolutionary potential of the complete evolutionary system when applied to the synthesis of analog networks. Finally, the fourth chapter briefly considers some further questions that are relevant to the proposed approach but could not be addressed in the context of this thesis. A series of appendixes is devoted to some complementary issues: the definition of a measure of diversity for an evolutionary population employing the genetic description introduced in this thesis; the choice of the quantizer for the values of interaction strength between the devices constituting the evolved analog network; the modifications required to use the analog electronic circuit simulator SPICE as a simulation engine for an evolutionary or an optimization process.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=33668}, documenturl = {http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3199}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:thesis-3199}, oai-set = {thesis; thesis:fulltext}, pagecount = {315 p.}, publisher = {EPFL}, status = {PUBLISHED}, url = {http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3199} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Mattiussi07b, author = {Mattiussi, Claudio and D\"urr, Peter and Floreano, Dario}, title = {Center of {M}ass {E}ncoding: {A} self-adaptive representation with adjustable redundancy for real-valued parameters}, booktitle = {{GECCO} 2007}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Abstract--- In this paper we describe a new class of representations for real-valued parameters called Center of Mass Encoding (CoME). CoME is based on variable length strings, it is self-adaptive, and it permits the choice of the degree of redundancy of the genotype-to-phenotype map and the choice of the distribution of the redundancy over the space of phenotypes. We first describe CoME and then proceed to test its performance and compare it with other representations and with a state-of-the-art evolution strategy. We show that CoME performs well on a large set of test functions. Furthermore, we show how CoME adapts the granularity of its discretization on functions defined over nonuniformly scaled domains.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=101405}, keywords = {CoME, center of mass encoding, genetic encoding, genetic algorithms, evolutionary algorithms, redundant representation, adaptive representation, real parameters}, location = {University College, London}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:101405}, oai-set = {conf}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {ACCEPTED}, unit = {LIS} } @ARTICLE{Mattiussi07a, author = {Mattiussi, Claudio and Floreano, Dario}, title = {Analog {G}enetic {E}ncoding for the {E}volution of {C}ircuits and {N}etworks}, journal = {{IEEE} {T}ransactions on {E}volutionary {C}omputation}, year = {2007}, abstract = {This paper describes a new kind of genetic representation called analog genetic encoding (AGE). The representation is aimed at the evolutionary synthesis and reverse engineering of circuits and networks such as analog electronic circuits, neural networks, and genetic regulatory networks. AGE permits the simultaneous evolution of the topology and sizing of the networks. The establishment of the links between the devices that form the network is based on an implicit definition of the interaction between different parts of the genome. This reduces the amount of information that must be carried by the genome relatively to a direct encoding of the links. The application of AGE is illustrated with examples of analog electronic circuit and neural network synthesis. The performance of the representation and the quality of the results obtained with AGE are compared with those produced by genetic programming.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=83400}, documenturl = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?recid=83400&mode=best}, doi = {doi:10.1109/TEVC.2006.886801}, keywords = {Evolutionary Computation; Genetic representation; Analog Genetic Encoding; AGE; Analog circuit synthesis; Analog network synthesis; Genetic representation; Neural network synthesis.}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:83400}, oai-set = {article}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {ACCEPTED}, unit = {LIS} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Mattiussi04a, author = {Mattiussi, C. and Floreano, D.}, title = {Evolution of analog networks using local string alignment on highly reorganizable genomes}, booktitle = {Evolvable Hardware, 2004. Proceedings. 2004 NASA/DoD Conference on}, year = {2004}, pages = {30--37}, month = {24-26 June} } @ARTICLE{Mattiussi07, author = {Mattiussi, Claudio and Marbach, Daniel and D\"urr, Peter and Floreano, Dario}, title = {The {A}ge of {A}nalog {N}etworks}, journal = {{AI} {M}agazine}, year = {2007}, abstract = {A large class of systems of biological and technological relevance can be described as analog networks, that is, collections of dynamical devices interconnected by links of varying strength. Some examples of analog networks are genetic regulatory networks, metabolic networks, neural networks, analog electronic circuits, and control systems. Analog networks are typically complex systems which include nonlinear feedback loops and possess temporal dynamics at different timescales. When tackled by a human expert both the synthesis and reverse engineering of analog networks are recognized as knowledge-intensive activities, for which few systematic techniques exist. In this paper we will discuss the general relevance of the analog network concept and describe an evolutionary approach to the automatic synthesis and reverse engineering of analog networks. The proposed approach is called analog genetic encoding (AGE) and realizes an implicit genetic encoding of analog networks. AGE permits the evolution of human-competitive solutions to real-world analog network design and identification problems. This is illustrated by some examples of application to the design of electronic circuits, control systems, learning neural architectures, and to the reverse engineering of biological networks.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=109457}, doi = {NA}, keywords = {AGE; implicit encoding; implicit genetic encoding; analog networks; evolutionary computation; genetic representation; Analog Genetic Encoding; Analog circuit synthesis; Analog network synthesis; Genetic representation; Neural network synthesis; genetic regulatory networks; GRN; reverse engineering}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:109457}, oai-set = {article}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {ACCEPTED}, unit = {LIS} } @ARTICLE{Mattiussi04, author = {Mattiussi, C. and Waibel, M. and Floreano, D.}, title = {Measures of Diversity For Populations and Distances Between Individuals With Highly Reorganizable Genomes}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation}, year = {2004}, volume = {12}, pages = {495-515}, number = {4}} @ARTICLE{Mavroforou10, author = {Mavroforou, A and Michalodimitrakis, E and Hatzitheo-Filou, C and Giannoukas, A}, title = {Legal and ethical issues in robotic surgery.}, journal = {Int Angiol}, year = {2010}, volume = {29}, pages = {75-9}, number = {1}, issn = {1827-1839}, pubmedid = {20224537}, url = {http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Legal-ethical-issues-in-robotic/20224537.html} } @ARTICLE{May76, author = {May, R. M.}, title = {Simple Mathematical Models With Very Complicated Dynamics}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1976}, volume = {261}, pages = {459}, month = {6} } @BOOK{Maynard82, title = {Evolution and the Theory of Games}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1982}, author = {Maynard Smith, J.}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Maynard99, title = {The Origins of Life}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Maynard Smith, J. and Szathm{\'a}ry, E.}, address = {New York, NY}, media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Maynard95, title = {The Major Transitions in Evolution}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Maynard Smith, J. and Szathm{\'a}ry, E.}, address = {New York, NY}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{McCarthy69, author = {John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes}, title = {Some Philosophical Problems From the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence}, journal = {Machine Intelligence 4}, year = {1969}, pages = {463--502}} @INPROCEEDINGS{McFarland94, author = {McFarland, D.}, title = {Towards Robot Cooperation}, booktitle = {From Animals to Animats 3 - Proceedings of Simulatin of Adaptive Behaviour}, year = {1994}, pages = {440-444}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{McGill78, author = {McGill, R. and Tukey, J.W. and Larsen, W.A.}, title = {Variations of Box Plots}, journal = {The American Statistician}, year = {1978}, volume = {32}, pages = {12--16}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{McKenna55, author = {McKenna, QC}, title = {Ultrasonic Cleaning of Miniature Devices}, journal = {Ultrasonic Engineering, Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on}, year = {1955}, volume = {3}, pages = {16--22}, number = {1}, abstract = {Ultrasonic cleaning gives industry a new method of obtaining cleaning results previously unattained. By irradiating liquid cleaners with appropriately arranged transducers, large volumes of intricate parts can be cleaned. Barium titanate ceramic transducers offer maw advantages as sound generating elements. They can be operzted at low voltages compared with quartz; and can be cast in shapes which give high ultrasonic intensities. Through focusing, the ultrasonic cleaning process usually results in a more economical method, saving time, labor, and space.}, } @ARTICLE{McNamara97, author = {McNamara, J.M. and Webb, J.N. and Collins, EJ and Szekely, T. and Houston, A.I.}, title = {{A general technique for computing evolutionarily stable strategies based on errors in decision-making}}, journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology}, year = {1997}, volume = {189}, pages = {211--225}, number = {2}, abstract = {Realistic models of contests between animals will often involve a series of state-dependent decisions by the contestants. Computation of evolutionarily stable strategies for such state-dependent dynamic games are usually based on damped iterations of the best response map. Typically this map is discontinuous so that iterations may not converge and even if they do converge it may not be clear if the limiting strategy is a Nash equilibrium. We present a general computational technique based on errors in decision making that removes these computational difficulties. We show that the computational technique works for a simple example (the Hawk–Dove game) where an analytic solution is known, and prove general results about the technique for more complex games. It is also argued that there is biological justification for inclusion of the types of errors we have introduced.}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @ARTICLE{Melhuish01, author = {Melhuish, C. and Wilson, M. and Sendova-Franks, A. B.}, title = {Patch Sorting: Multi-Object Clustering Using Minimalist Robots}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2001}, volume = {2159}, to Wilson04}} @ARTICLE{Menzel99, author = {Menzel, R.}, title = {Memory Dynamics in the Honeybee}, journal = {J. Comp. Physiol. A}, year = {1999}, volume = {185}, pages = {323-340}} @CONFERENCE{Merler07, author = {Merler, M. and Galleguillos, C. and Belongie, S.}, title = {{Recognizing groceries in situ using in vitro training data}}, booktitle = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2007. CVPR'07. IEEE Conference on}, year = {2007}, pages = {1--8}, organization = {IEEE} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Meyer98, author = {Meyer, J. -A. and Husbands, P. and Harvey, I.}, title = {Evolutionary Robotics: A Survey of Applications and Problems}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Robotics: Proc. 11th Eur. Workshop, EvoRobot98}, year = {1998}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Kaplan08, author = {Berman MG AND Jonides J AND Kaplan S}, title = {{The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature}}, journal = {Psychol Sci}, year = {2008}, volume = {19}, pages = {1207--12}, number = {12}, abstract = {We compare the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions with natural versus urban environments. Attention restoration theory (ART) provides an analysis of the kinds of environments that lead to improvements in directed-attention abilities. Nature, which is filled with intriguing stimuli, modestly grabs attention in a bottom-up fashion, allowing top-down directed-attention abilities a chance to replenish. Unlike natural environments, urban environments are filled with stimulation that captures attention dramatically and additionally requires directed attention (e.g., to avoid being hit by a car), making them less restorative. We present two experiments that show that walking in nature or viewing pictures of nature can improve directed-attention abilities as measured with a backwards digit-span task and the Attention Network } @INBOOK{Michaud03, chapter = {16}, pages = {291--307}, title = {Conflict Mediation During the Origin of Multicellularity}, publisher = {The MIT Press}, year = {2003}, author = {Michaud, R. E}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, booktitle = {Cooperation and Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation} } @ARTICLE{Michaud01, author = {Michaud, R. E and Roze, D.}, title = {Cooperation and Conflict in the Evolution of Multicellularity}, journal = {Heredity}, year = {2001}, volume = {86}, pages = {1-7}, apoptosis, cooperation, germ line, group selection, levels of selection, mutation.
}} @ARTICLE{Michel04, author = {Michel, O.}, title = {{WebotsTM: Professional Mobile Robot Simulation}}, journal = {Arxiv preprint cs.RO/0412052}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Cyberbotics Ltd. develops WebotsTM, a mobile robotics simulation software that provides you with a rapid prototyping environment for modelling, programming and simulating mobile robots. The provided robot libraries enable you to transfer your control programs to several commercially available real mobile robots. WebotsTM lets you define and modify a complete mobile robotics setup, even several different robots sharing the same environment. For each object, you can define a number of properties, such as shape, color, texture, mass, friction, etc. You can equip each robot with a large number of available sensors and actuators. You can program these robots using your favorite development environment, simulate them and optionally transfer the resulting programs onto your real robots. WebotsTM has been developed in collaboration with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, thoroughly tested, well documented and continuously maintained for over 7 years. It is now the main commercial product available from Cyberbotics } @BOOK{Michaud00, title = {{Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality}}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {2000} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Miconi03, author = {Miconi, T.}, title = {When evolving populations is better than coevolving individuals: The blind mice problem}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = {2003}, editor = {Gottlob, G. AND Walsh, T.}, pages = {647-652}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @ARTICLE{Miekisz04, author = {Miekisz, J.}, title = {Long-Run Behavior of Games With Many Players}, journal = {ArXiv}, year = {2004}} @ARTICLE{Miglino96, author = {Miglino, O. and Lund, H. and Nolfi, S.}, title = {Evolving Mobile Robots in Simulated and Real Environments}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {1996}, volume = {2}, pages = {417-434}, number = {4}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Miglino94, author = {Miglino, O. and Nafasi, K. and Taylor, C.E.}, title = {{Selection for Wandering Behavior in a Small Robot}}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {1994}, volume = {2}, pages = {101--116} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Mikami96, author = {Mikami, S. and Wada, M. and Kakazu, Y.}, title = {Combining reinforcement learning with GA to find co-ordinatedcontrol rules for multi-agent system}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Computation, 1996., Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on}, year = {1996}, pages = {356--361}, abstract = {In a multi-agent application, it is necessary to find co-ordinated control rules that maximise a global objective function. To establish coordination, a real-time synchronous communication is normally assumed. However, communication is often limited to asynchronous and very time delayed methods in many practical applications. The paper intends to propose a method to search for co-ordinated plans under limited information exchange. Our approach is to combine on-line local optimisation by reinforcement learning (RL) and asynchronous global combinatorial optimisation by genetic algorithms. The GA search modifies RL's search direction to find a co-ordinated plan, whereas the RL tries to obtain that plan in real-time. Information on which direction is better to find by RL is given through long-term (not instant) communication. The direction is given by a state compression mapping. This is therefore a Lamarckian type GA that inherits acquired knowledge from RL. By using a seesaw balancing problem as a test bed, the performance of the proposed method is shown} } @ARTICLE{Milinski93, author = {Milinski, M.}, title = {Evolutionary Biology. Cooperation Wins and Stays.}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1993}, volume = {364}, pages = {56-58}, number = {6432}, prisoner's dilemma up to then, "Only young populations ... are likely to play Always Defect"}} @ARTICLE{Miller96, author = {Miller, G. H.}, title = {The Coevolution of Automata in the Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma}, journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization}, year = {1996}, volume = {29}, pages = {87-112}, institution = {Carnegie Mellon, Department of Decision Sciences} } @ARTICLE{Miller02, author = {Miller, J. H. and Butts, C. T. and Rode, D.}, title = {Communication and Cooperation}, journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization}, year = {2002}, volume = {47}, pages = {179-195} } @ARTICLE{Miller03, author = {Miller, J. H. and Moser, M.}, title = {Communication and Coordination}, journal = {Complexity}, year = {2003} } @TECHREPORT{Minar96, author = {Minar, N. and Burkhart, R. and Langton, C. and Askenazi, M.}, title = {{The Swarm Simulation System: A Toolkit for Building Multi-Agent Systems}}, institution = {Santa Fe NM: Santa Fe Institute Working Paper}, year = {1996}, pages = {96--06} } @ARTICLE{Minsky61, author = {Marvin Minsky}, title = {Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence}, journal = {Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers}, year = {1961}, volume = {49}, pages = {8-30}, Credit Assignment problem.} } @ARTICLE{Mirolli05, author = {Mirolli, M. AND Parisi, D.}, title = {How can we explain the emergence of a language that benefits the hearer but not the speaker}, journal = {Connection Science}, year = {2005}, volume = {17}, pages = {307--324}, abstract = {In this paper, we explore various adaptive factors that can influence the emergence of a communication system that benefits the receiver of signals (the hearer) but not the emitter (the speaker). Using computer simulations of a population of interacting agents whose behaviour is determined by a neural network, we show that a stable communication system does not emerge in groups of unrelated individuals because of its altruistic character. None the less, another set of simulations shows that the emergence of a language that confers an advantage only to hearers, not to speakers, is possible under at least three conditions: (1) if the hearer and the speaker tend to share the same genes, as predicted by kin selection theory; (2) if the population is ‘docile’ and the communication system is culturally transmitted together with other adaptive behaviours, as predicted by Simon’s docility theory; and (3) if the linguistic system is used not only for social communication, but also for talking to oneself, in particular as an aid to memory.}, doi = {10.1080/09540090500177539} } @ARTICLE{Mitteldorf00, author = {Mitteldorf, J. and Wilson, D. S.}, title = {Population Viscosity and the Evolution of Altruism}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {2000}, volume = {204}, pages = {481-496}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Mondada05, author = {Mondada, F. and Bonani, M. and Guignard, A. and Magnenat, S. and Studer, C. and Floreano, D.}, title = {{Superlinear Physical Performances in a SWARM-BOT}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 8 thEuropean Conference in Artificial Life (ECAL05)}}, year = {2005}, pages = {282--291}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Mondada04, author = {Mondada, F. and Pettinaro, G. C. and Guignard, A. and Kwee, I. W. and Floreano, D. and Deneubourg, J. -L. and Nolfi, S. and Gambardella, L. M. and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Swarm-Bot: A New Distributed Robotic Concept}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2004}, volume = {17}, pages = {193-221}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Mondada93, author = {Mondada, F. and Verschure, P.F.M.J.}, title = {Modeling system-environment interaction: the complimentary roles of simulation and real world artifacts}, booktitle = {{ECAL}'93}, year = {1993}, pages = {808--817}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=97329}, location = {Brussels}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:97329}, oai-set = {conf}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LSA LSRO} } @MISC{Mui03, author = {Mui, L.}, title = {Towards Realistic Models For Evolution of Cooperation}, howpublished = {PPT Presentation and Web and printed about 3/2003}, year = {2003}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Muir96, author = {Muir, W. M. and Craig, J. V.}, title = {Improving Animal Well-Being Through Genetic Selection}, journal = {Poultry Science}, year = {1998}, volume = {77}, pages = {1781-1788}, selection, genetic selection, feather pecking, cannibalism, welfare

paper recommended by Inman harvey during his visit for claudio's defense - shows significant increase in performance for selecting groups of hens instead of individuals}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Mundhe00, author = {Mundhe, M. AND Sen, S.}, title = {Evolving agent societies that avoid social dilemmas}, booktitle = {GECCO 2000 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference}, year = {2000}, editor = {Whitley, D. AND Goldberg, D. AND Cantu-Paz, E. AND Spector, L. AND Parmee, I. AND Beyer, H. G.}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @ARTICLE{Murciano97, author = {Murciano, A. and Del R. Millan, J. and Zamora, J.}, title = {Specialization in Multi-Agent Systems Through Learning}, journal = {Biological Cybernetics}, year = {1997}, volume = {76}, pages = {375--382}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Myerson99, author = {Myerson, R. B.}, title = {Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory}, year = {1999}, month = {3}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Nash50, author = {Nash, Jr, J. F.}, title = {The Bargaining Problem}, journal = {Econometrica}, year = {1950}, volume = {18}, pages = {155-162}, number = {Issue 2}, month = {4}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Nash53, author = {Nash, Jr., J. F.}, title = {Two-Person Cooperative Games}, journal = {Econometrica}, year = {1953}, volume = {21}, pages = {128-140}, number = {Issue 1}, month = {1}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Natvig03, author = {Natvig, M. K. AND Westerheim, H.}, title = {ARKTRANS – THE NORWEGIAN SYSTEM FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th world congress and exhibition on intelligent transport systems and services}, year = {2003}, abstract = {This paper describes the current version of ARKTRANS, a system framework architecture for multimodal freight and passenger transport. The work on ARKTRANS is a joint effort by stakeholders representing all transport modes. A reference model divides the transport domain into manageable sub-domains, each serving a defined set of multimodal roles. The functionality within each sub-domain and conceptual information models are specified. Interactions between the sub-domains are identified. Mappings between ARKTRANS and other system framework architectures are defined.}, } @ARTICLE{Naug99, author = {Naug, D. and Gadagkar, R.}, title = {Flexible Division of Labor Mediated By Social Interactions in an Insect Colony---a Simulation Model}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {1999}, volume = {197}, pages = {123--133}, to set up the model}} @ARTICLE{Naumann2010-rosetta, author = {Naumann, M. and Bengel, M. and Verl, A.}, title = {{Automatic Generation of Robot Applications Using a Knowledge Integration Framework}}, journal = {Proceedings-ISR/ROBOTIK 2010}, year = {2010}, publisher = {VDE VERLAG GmbH} } @ARTICLE{Nelson04, author = {Nelson, A. L. and Grant, E. and Henderson, T. C.}, title = {Evolution of Neural Controllers For Competitive Game Playing With Teams of Mobile Robots}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {2004}, volume = {46}, pages = {135-150}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Nelson95, author = {Nelson, R. R.}, title = {Recent Evolutionary Theorizing About Economic Change}, journal = {Journal of Economic Literature}, year = {1995}, volume = {33}, pages = {48-90}, number = {1}, month = March, Handle RePEc:aea:jeclit:v:33:y:1995:i:1:p:48-90}} @ARTICLE{Nelson02, author = {Nelson, R. R. and Winter, S. G}, title = {Evolutionary Theorizing in Economics}, journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, pages = {23-46}, number = {2} } @ARTICLE{Newman06, author = {Newman, M. E. J.}, title = {Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipfʼs law}, journal = {Arxiv preprint cond-mat/0412004} } @CONFERENCE{Nitschke07, author = {Nitschke, GS and Schut, MC and Eiben, AE}, title = {{Emergent Specialization in the Extended Multi-Rover Problem}}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Computation, 2007. CEC 2007. IEEE Congress on}, year = {2007}, pages = {3410-3417}, abstract = {This paper introduces the Collective Neuro Evolution (CONE) method, and compares its efficacy for designing specialization, with a conventional Neuro-Evolution (NE) method. Specialization was defined at both the individual agent, and at the agent group level. The CONE method was tested comparatively with the conventional NE method in an extension of the multirover task domain, where specialization exhibited at both the individual and group level is known to benefit task performance. In the multi-rover domain, the task was for many agents (rovers) to maximize the detection and evaluation of points of interest in a simulated environment, and to communicate gathered information to a base station. The goal of the rover group was to maximize a global evaluation function that measured performance (fitness) of the group. Results indicate that the CONE method was appropriate for facilitating specialization at both the individual and agent group levels, where as, the conventional NE method succeeded only in facilitating individual specialization. As a consequence of emergent specialization derived at both the individual and group levels, rover groups evolved by the CONE method were able to achieve a significantly higher task performance, comparative to groups evolved by the conventional NE method.} } @ARTICLE{Noble99, author = {Noble, J.}, title = {Cooperation, Competition and the Evolution of Prelinguistic Communication}, journal = {The Emergence of Language}, year = {1999}, pages = {40--61}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Noble96, author = {Noble, J. and Cliff, D.}, title = {On Simulating the Evolution of Communication}, booktitle = {From Animals to Animats 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior}, year = {1996}, publisher = {MIT Press}, media = {"pdf"} } @MISC{Noda95, author = {Noda, I.}, title = {{Soccer server: a simulator of robocup}}, howpublished = {Proceedings of the JSAI AI-Symposium}, year = {1995}, volume = {95} } @ARTICLE{Nolfi98, author = {Nolfi, S.}, title = {Evolutionary Robotics: Exploiting the Full Power of Self-Organization}, journal = {Connection Science}, year = {1998}, volume = {10}, pages = {167-184},media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Nolfi00, title = {Evolutionary {R}obotics. The {B}iology, {I}ntelligence, and {T}echnology of {S}elf-organizing {M}achines}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Nolfi, S. and Floreano, D.}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, abstract = {Evolutionary robotics is a new technique for the automatic creation of autonomous robots. Inspired by the Darwinian principle of selective reproduction of the fittest, it views robots as autonomous artificial organisms that develop their own skills in close interaction with the environment and without human intervention. Drawing heavily on biology and ethology, it uses the tools of neural networks, genetic algorithms, dynamic systems, and biomorphic engineering. The resulting robots share with simple biological systems the characteristics of robustness, simplicity, small size, flexibility, and modularity. In evolutionary robotics, an initial population of artificial chromosomes, each encoding the control system of a robot, is randomly created and put into the environment. Each robot is then free to act (move, look around, manipulate) according to its genetically specified controller while its performance on various tasks is automatically evaluated. The fittest robots then "reproduce" by swapping parts of their genetic material with small random mutations. The process is repeated until the "birth" of a robot that satisfies the performance criteria. This book describes the basic concepts and methodologies of evolutionary robotics and the results achieved so far. An important feature is the clear presentation of a set of empirical experiments of increasing complexity. Software with a graphic interface, freely available on a Web page, will allow the reader to replicate and vary (in simulation and on real robots) most of the experiments.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=63929}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:63929}, oai-set = {book}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LIS}, url = {http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262140705} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Nolfi94, author = {Nolfi, S. and Floreano, D. and Miglino, O. and Mondada, F.}, title = {How to Evolve Autonomous Robots: Different Approaches in Evolutionary Robotics}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IV International Workshop On Artificial Life}, year = {1994}, editor = {Brooks, R. A. and Maes, P.}, publisher = {MA: MIT Press}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Nolfi02, author = {Nolfi, S. and Marocco, D.}, title = {Evolving Robots Able to Visually Discriminate Between Objects With Different Sizes}, journal = {International Journal of Robotics and Automation}, year = {2002}, volume = {17}, pages = {163-170}, number = {4}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Nolfi97, author = {Nolfi, S. and Parisi, D.}, title = {Learning to Adapt to Changing Environments in Evolving Neural}, journal = {Adaptive Behavior}, year = {1997}, volume = {5}, pages = {75-98}, number = {1}} @ARTICLE{Nowak04b, author = {Nowak, M. and Sasaki, A. and Taylor, C. and Fudenberg, D.}, title = {Emergence of Cooperation and Evolutionary Stability in Finite Popilations}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {428}, pages = {646-650}} @ARTICLE{Nowak05, author = {Nowak, M. and Sigmund, K.}, title = {Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {437}, pages = {1291-1298} } @ARTICLE{Nowak04a, author = {Nowak, M. and Sigmund, K.}, title = {Evolutionary Dynamics of Biological Games}, journal = {Science}, year = {2004}, volume = {303}, pages = {793-799}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Nowak98, author = {Nowak, M. and Sigmund, K.}, title = {Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity By Image Scoring}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1998}, volume = {393}, pages = {573-575}} @ARTICLE{Nowak93, author = {Nowak, M.; Sigmund, K.}, title = {A Strategy of Win-Stay, Lose-Shift That Outperforms Tit-For-Tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game.}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1993}, volume = {364}, pages = {12-13}, in Milinski93 in same issue; pavlov beats tit for tat!}} @ARTICLE{ODonnell98, author = {O'Donnell, S.}, title = {Genetic Effects On Task Performance, But Not On Age Polyethism, in a Swarm-Founding Eusocial Wasp}, journal = {Anim. Behav.}, year = {1998}, volume = {55}, pages = {417-426}, month = {2} } @ARTICLE{Oh05, author = {Oh, J. C.}, title = {Emergence of Cooperative Internet Server Sharing Among Internet Search Agents Caught in the N-Person Prisoners Dilemma Game}, journal = {Knowledge and Information Systems}, year = {2005}, volume = {7}, pages = {23-55}, number = {1}, month = {1}, of cooperation - Multiagent systems, individual recognition}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Oh98, author = {Oh, J. C.}, title = {Emergence of Kin Habitats and Cooperation in Multi-Agent Environment}, year = {1998}, pages = {387-390}, publisher = {Association For Intelligent Machinery, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina}, journal = {JCIS '98 Proceedings Vol. II} } @ARTICLE{Oli03, author = {Oli, M.K.}, title = {{Hamilton goes empirical: estimation of inclusive fitness from life-history data}}, journal = {Proceedings: Biological Sciences}, year = {2003}, volume = {270}, pages = {307--311}, number = {1512}, abstract = {Hamilton's theory of kin selection is one of the most important advances in evolutionary biology since Darwin. Central to the kin-selection theory is the concept of inclusive fitness. However, despite the importance of inclusive fitness in evolutionary theory, empirical estimation of inclusive fitness has remained an elusive task. Using the concept of individual fitness, I present a method for estimating inclusive fitness and its components for diploid organisms with age-structured life histories. The method presented here: (i) allows empirical estimation of inclusive fitness from life-history data; (ii) simultaneously considers all components of fitness, including timing and magnitude of reproduction; (iii) is consistent with Hamilton's definition of inclusive fitness; and (iv) adequately addresses shortcomings of existing methods of estimating inclusive fitness. I also demonstrate the application of this new method for testing Hamilton's rule.}, publisher = {The Royal Society} } @ARTICLE{Page02, author = {Page, R. E. and Erber, J.}, title = {Levels of Behavioral Organisation and the Evolution of Division of Labor}, journal = {Naturwissenschaften}, year = {2002}, volume = {89}, pages = {91-106} } @ARTICLE{Page98, author = {Page, R. E. and Erber, J. and Fondrk, M. K.}, title = {The Effect of Genotype On Response Thresholds to Sucrose and Foraging Behavior of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.)}, journal = {J. Comp. Physiol. A}, year = {1998}, volume = {182}, pages = {489-500}, doi = {10.1007/s003590050196}} @ARTICLE{Page00, author = {Page, R. E. and Fondrk, M. K. and Hunt, G. J. and Guzm{\'a}n-Novoa, E. and Humphries, M. A. and Nguyen, K. and Green, A. S.}, title = {Genetic Dissection of Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.) Foraging Behavior}, journal = {J. Hered.}, year = {2000}, volume = {91}, pages = {474-479}} @ARTICLE{Pagie02, author = {Pagie, L. AND Mitchell, M.}, title = {A Comparison of Evolutionary and Coevolutionary Search}, journal = {Int. Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications}, year = {2002}, volume = {2}, pages = {53-69} } @ARTICLE{Pamilo89, author = {Pamilo, P.}, title = {{Estimating relatedness in social groups}}, journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution}, year = {1989}, volume = {4}, pages = {353--355}, number = {11}, abstract = {Genetic relatedness is a vital parameter in the evolution of social behaviour by kin selection. It can be easily estimated using genetic markers and calculating the genotypic correlation or regression of group members. Spatial gene frequency differentiation, due to population subdivision or isolation by distance, boosts the relatedness estimates. In such cases it may be useful to partition the estimate into components, the operational relatedness is normally that among individuals in social groups within the same subpopulation. Although it is straightforward to estimate the average relatedness in social groups, estimating values for specific individuals with the help of genetic markers is still problematic. Current estimators tend to give biased values and the sampling error is large. In spite of these shortcomings, studies of social behaviour combining relatedness and reproductive success are sorely needed.} } @ARTICLE{Panait05, author = {Panait, L. and Luke, S.}, title = {Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning: The State of the Art }, journal = {Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems}, year = {2005}, volume = {11}, pages = {387-434}, abstract = {Cooperative multi-agent systems (MAS) are ones in which several agents attempt, through their interaction, to jointly solve tasks or to maximize utility. Due to the interactions among the agents, multi-agent problem complexity can rise rapidly with the number of agents or their behavioral sophistication. The challenge this presents to the task of programming solutions to MAS problems has spawned increasing interest in machine learning techniques to automate the search and optimization process. We provide a broad survey of the cooperative multi-agent learning literature. Previous surveys of this area have largely focused on issues common to specific subareas (for example, reinforcement learning, RL or robotics). In this survey we attempt to draw from multi-agent learning work in a spectrum of areas, including RL, evolutionary computation, game theory, complex systems, agent modeling, and robotics. We find that this broad view leads to a division of the work into two categories, each with its own special issues: applying a single learner to discover joint solutions to multi-agent problems (team learning), or using multiple simultaneous learners, often one per agent (concurrent learning). Additionally, we discuss direct and indirect communication in connection with learning, plus open issues in task decomposition, scalability, and adaptive dynamics. We conclude with a presentation of multi-agent learning problem domains, and a list of multi-agent learning resources.}, doi = {DOI 10.1007/s10458-005-2631-2}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands} } @ARTICLE{Panait06, author = {Panait, L.; Luke, S.; Wiegand, R. P.}, title = {Biasing Coevolutionary Search for Optimal Multiagent Behaviors}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation}, year = {2006}, volume = {10}, pages = {629-645}, abstract = {Cooperative coevolutionary algorithms (CEAs) offer great potential for concurrent multiagent learning domains and are of special utility to domains involving teams of multiple agents. Unfortunately, they also exhibit pathologies resulting from their game-theoretic nature, and these pathologies interfere with finding solutions that correspond to optimal collaborations of interacting agents. We address this problem by biasing a cooperative CEA in such a way that the fitness of an individual is based partly on the result of interactions with other individuals (as is usual), and partly on an estimate of the best possible reward for that individual if partnered with its optimal collaborator. We justify this idea using existing theoretical models of a relevant subclass of CEAs, demonstrate how to apply biasing in a way that is robust with respect to parameterization, and provide some experimental evidence to validate the biasing approach. We show that it is possible to bias coevolutionary methods to better search for optimal multiagent behaviors.}, doi = {10.1109/TEVC.2006.880330} } @ARTICLE{Parisi92, author = {Parisi, D. and Piazzalunga, U. and Cecconi, F. and Gerace, M.}, title = {Spatial Distribution and Sociality}, year = {1992} } @ARTICLE{ParkerGB03, author = {Parker, G. B. and Blumenthal, H. J.}, title = {Comparison of Sampling Sizes For the Co-Evolution of Cooperative Agents}, journal = {The 2003 Congress On Evolutionary Computation, 2003. CEC '03. }, year = {2003}, volume = {1}, pages = {536-543}} @INPROCEEDINGS{ParkerGB02, author = {Parker, G. B. and Blumenthal, H. J.}, title = {Sampling the Nature of a Population: Punctuated Anytime Learning For Co-Evolving a Team}, booktitle = {Smart Engineering System Design: Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, Evolutionary Programming, Data Mining, and Complex Systems}, year = {2002}, pages = {207-212}, organization = {ANNIE2002}} @TECHREPORT{Parker95, author = {Parker, LE}, title = {L-ALLIANCE: a mechanism for adaptive action selection in heterogeneous multi-robot teams}, institution = {Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)}, year = {1995}, abstract = {In practical applications of robotics, it is usually quite dicult, if not impossible, for the system designer to fully predict the environmental states in which the robots will operate. The complexity of the problem is further increased when dealing with teams of robots which themselves may be incompletely known and characterized in advance. It is thus highly desirable for robot teams to be able to adapt their performance during the mission due to changes in the environment, or to changes in other robot team members. In previous work [40, 44], we introduced a behavior-based mechanism called the ALLIANCE architecture | that facilitates the fault tolerant cooperative control of multi-robot teams. However, this previous work did not address the issue of how to dynamically update the control parameters during a mission to adapt to ongoing changes in the environment or in the robot team, and to ensure the eciency of the collective team actions. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing the L-ALLIANCE mechanism, which denes an automated method whereby robots can use knowledge learned from previous experience to continually improve their collective action selection when working on missions composed of loosely coupled, discrete subtasks. This ability to dynamically update robotic control parameters provides a number of distinct advantages: it alleviates the need for human tuning of control parameters, it facilitates the use of custom-designed multi-robot teams for any given application, it improves the eciency of the mission performance, and it allows robots to continually adapt their performance over time due to changes in the robot team and/or the environment. We describe the L-ALLIANCE mechanism, present the results of various alternative update strategies we investigated, present the formal model of the L-ALLIANCE mechanism, and present the results of a simple proof of concept implementation on a small team of heterogeneous mobile robots}, } @INCOLLECTION{Parker00b, author = {Parker, L. E.}, title = {Current State of the Art in Distributed Autonomous Mobile Robotics}, booktitle = {Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Tokyo}, year = {2000}, editor = {L. E. Parker AND G. Bekey AND J. Barhen}, volume = {4}, pages = {3-12}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Parker00a, author = {Parker, L. E.}, title = {Lifelong Adaptation in Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Teams: Response to Continual Variation in Individual Robot Performance}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2000}, volume = {8}, pages = {239-267},media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Parker98a, author = {Parker, L. E.}, title = {ALLIANCE - An Architecture For Fault Tolerant Multirobot Cooperation}, journal = {IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION}, year = {1998}, volume = {14}, pages = {220-240}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Parker98b, author = {Parker, L. E.}, title = {Toward the Automated Synthesis of Cooperative Mobile Robot Teams}, journal = {Proceedings of SPIE Mobile Robots XIII}, year = {1998}, volume = {3525}, pages = {82-93}} @PHDTHESIS{Parker94, author = {Parker, L. E.}, title = {Heterogeneous Multi-Robot Cooperation}, school = {MIT}, year = {1994}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Parker03, author = {Parker, L. E. and Zhang, H. and Kube, C. R.}, title = {Blind Bulldozing: Multiple Robot Nest Construction}, journal = {IEEE International Conference On Intelligent Robots and Systems 2}, year = {2003}, pages = {2010-2015}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Passera96, author = {Passera, L. and Roncin, E. and Kaufmann, B. and Keller, L.}, title = {Increased Soldier Production in Ant Colonies Exposed to Intraspecific Competition}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1996}, volume = {379}, pages = {630-631}, month = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Peck04, author = {Peck, R. J.}, title = {Sex Causes Altruism. Altruism Causes Sex. Maybe.}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences}, year = {2004}, pages = {993-1000}, number = {271}} @ARTICLE{Pen00, author = {Pen, I.}, title = {{Reproductive Effort in Viscuous Populations}}, journal = {Evolution}, year = {2000}, volume = {54}, pages = {293--297}, number = {1}, abstract = {Here I study a kin selection model of reproductive effort, the allocation of resources to fecundity versus survival, in a patch-structured population. Breeding females remain in the same patch for life. Offspring have costly, partial long-distance dispersal and compete for breeding sites, which become vacant upon the death of previous occupants. The main result is that the evolutionarily stable reproductive effort decreases as offspring dispersal rate increases. The result can be understood as follows: In a well-mixed population with global competition, neither adults nor juveniles compete with relatives, but in a patch-structured population with dispersal restricted to the juvenile phase, juveniles experience relatively less competition with relatives than adults, thus making juveniles relatively more valuable. Because this asymmetry between adults and juveniles decreases with the dispersal rate, so does the evolutionarily stable level of allocation to fecundity.}, doi = {DOI:10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0293:REIVP]2.0.CO;2}, publisher = {The Society for the Study of Evolution} } @ARTICLE{Pereboom05, author = {Pereboom, J. J. M and Jordan, W. C. and Sumner, S. and Hammond, R. L. and Bourke, A. F. G.}, title = {Differential Gene Expression in Queen-Worker Caste Determination in Bumble-Bees}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.}, year = {2005}, pages = {published online}} @ARTICLE{Perec, author = {Perec, G.}, title = {Experimental Demonstration of the Tomatotopic Organization in the Soprano (Cantatrix Sopranica L.)} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Perez-Uribe03, author = {Perez-Uribe, A. and Floreano, D. and Keller, L.}, title = {Effects of Group Composition and Level of Selection in the Evolution of Cooperation in Artificial Ants}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ECAL 2003 Conference}, year = {2003}, pages = {128-137}, publisher = {Springer}, media = {"pdf"} } @TECHREPORT{Pettinaro03, author = {Pettinaro, G.C. and Kwee, I.W. and Gambardella, L.M.}, title = {{Definition, Implementation, and Calibration of the Swarmbot3D Simulator}}, institution = {Instituto Dalle Molle di studi sull' intelligenza artificiale (IDSIA/USI-SUPSI)}, year = {2003} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Pettinaro02, author = {Pettinaro, G. C. and Kwee, I. W. and Gambardella, L. M. and Mondada, F. and Floreano, D. and Nolfi, S. and Deneubourg, J. -L. and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Swarm Robotics: A Different Approach to Service Robotics}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33Rd International Symposium On Robotics}, year = {2002}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, publisher = {International Federation of Robotics}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Pfeifer02, author = {Pfeifer, R.}, title = {{On the role of embodiment in the emergence of cognition: Grey walter's turtles and beyond}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the Workshop "The Legacy of Grey Walter"}}, year = {2002}, abstract = {In the cognitivistic paradigm, intelligence was viewed as algorithmic, an approach that has lead to many impressive results and applications. However, this view turned out to be too limited: If we are to understand natural forms of intelligence, embodiment must be taken into account. In this paper we explore the implications of embodiment by providing a number of case studies. One concept that we will investigate is “ecological balance”, i.e. the interplay of morphology, materials, and neural processing. We develop a method of how this can be systematically investigated using artificial evolution and morphogenesis.} } @MISC{Pfeifer00, author = {Pfeifer, R.}, title = {On the Role of Morphology and Materials in Adaptive Behavior}, year = {2000}, media = {"pdf"} } @MISC{Pfeifer96, author = {Pfeifer, R.}, title = {Building Fungus Eaters: Design Principles of Autonomous Agents}, year = {1996}, media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Pfeifer06, title = {{How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence (Bradford Books)}}, publisher = {The MIT Press}, year = {2006}, author = {Pfeifer, R. and Bongard, J.C.} } @ARTICLE{Pfennig93, author = {Pfennig, D.W. and Collins, J.P.}, title = {{Kinship affects morphogenesis in cannibalistic salamanders}}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1993}, volume = {362}, pages = {836--838}, number = {6423}, publisher = {London)} } @ARTICLE{Piazzalunga92, author = {Piazzalunga, U. and Parisi, D.}, title = {Spatial Distribution of an Evolving Population of Neural Networks}, year = {1992} } @ARTICLE{Ponce06, author = {Ponce, J. and Berg, T. and Everingham, M. and Forsyth, D. and Hebert, M. and Lazebnik, S. and Marszalek, M. and Schmid, C. and Russell, B. and Torralba, A. and others}, title = {{Dataset issues in object recognition}}, journal = {Toward Category-Level Object Recognition}, year = {2006}, pages = {29--48}, abstract = {Appropriate datasets are required at all stages of object recognition research, including learning visual models of object and scene categories, detecting and localizing instances of these models in im- ages, and evaluating the performance of recognition algorithms. Current datasets are lacking in several respects, and this paper discusses some of the lessons learned from existing efforts, as well as innovative ways to obtain very large and diverse annotated datasets. It also suggests a few criteria for gathering future datasets.}, publisher = {Springer} } @INBOOK{Popper63, pages = {33-39}, title = {Science As Falsification}, publisher = {London: Routledge and Keagan Paul}, year = {1963}, author = {Popper, K. R.}, booktitle = {Conjectures and Refutations}, criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability. Originaltitel der Veroeffentlichung scheinbar: "Logik der Forschung"}} @ARTICLE{Potter00, author = {Potter, M. A. and De Jong, D. V.}, title = {Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture For Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation}, year = {2000}, volume = {8}, pages = {1-29}, review = {cool and interesting illustration of neural network output development with increasing number of hidden neurons (from 0 to 15) for the 2 spiral problem} } @ARTICLE{Potter94, author = {Potter, M. A. and De Jong, D. V.}, title = {A Cooperative Coevolutionary Approach to Function Optimization}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {1994}, volume = {866}, pages = {249-257}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference On Evolutionary Computation}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag London, UK} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Potter01, author = {Potter, M. A. and Meeden, L. A. and Schultz, A. C.}, title = {Heterogeneity in the Coevolved Behaviors of Mobile Robots: The Emergence of Specialists}, booktitle = {Proceedings of The Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, year = {2001}, pages = {1337-1343}, abstract = {Many mobile robot tasks can be most efficiently solved when a group of robots is utilized. The type of organization, and the level of coordination and communication within a team of robots affects the type of tasks that can be solved. This paper ex- amines the tradeoff of homogeneity versus hetero- geneity in the control systems by allowing a team of robots to coevolve their high-level controllers given different levels of difficulty of the task. Our hypoth- esis is that simply increasing the difficulty of a task is not enough to induce a team of robots to create specialists. The key factor is not difficulty per se, but the number of skill sets necessary to success- fully solve the task. As the number of skills needed increases, the more beneficial and necessary het- erogeneity becomes. We demonstrate this in the task domain of herding, where one or more robots must herd another robot into a confined space.}, review = {heterogeneous teams are better than homogeneous teams} } @ARTICLE{Pratt94, author = {Pratt, S. C. and Calabi, P. and Carlin, N. F.}, title = {Division of Labor in Ponera Pennsylvannica (Formicidae: Ponerinae)}, journal = {Insectes Sociaux}, year = {1994}, volume = {41}, number = {43-61} } @ARTICLE{Pusey96, author = {Pusey, A. and Wolf, M.}, title = {Inbreeding Avoidance in Animals}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {1996}, volume = {11}, pages = {201-206}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Pyke77, author = {Pyke, G. H. and Pulliam, H. R. and Charnov, E. L.}, title = {Optimal Foraging: A Selective Review of Theory and Tests}, journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology}, year = {1977}, volume = {52}, pages = {137-154}} @ARTICLE{Qian06, author = {Qian, Z.Y. and Zhao, Y.Z. and Fu, Z. and Cao, Q.X.}, title = {Design and realization of a non-actuated glass-curtain wall-cleaning robot prototype with dual suction cups}, journal = {The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology}, year = {2006}, volume = {30}, pages = {147--155}, number = {1}, abstract = {This paper describes a non-actuated glass-curtain wall-cleaning robot prototype that has been designed and realized based on some wall-climbing robots developed recently and common traits of glass-curtain walls of high-rise buildings. The robot hasn’t its own driving mechanism, but it can move on smooth glass surfaces depending on its own gravity and the lifting force of the trolley crane on the roof while adhering to the surfaces using dual vacuum suction cups. Obstacles, such as horizontal window frames, can be crossed while cleaning. The safety analysis ensures that the robot can work reliably. The analysis on characteristics of suction cups using fluidic network theory is to enhance the adhering capacity of the robot. The control system utilizes two-level computer control strategy to achieve the robot’s moving, cleaning and crossing obstacles. Experiments proved the robotic system is feasible and practical.}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{Queller04, author = {Queller, D. C.}, title = {Kinship Is Relative}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {430}, pages = {975-976}, group selection; scale of competition Excellent co-paper to another nature paper (Griffin04.pdf). Gives a great overview of the importance of kinship and explains that another factor, local vs. global competition, plays a key role! This is how I should do my experiments!}} @ARTICLE{Queller00, author = {Queller, D. C.}, title = {Relatedness and the Fraternal Major Transitions}, journal = {Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci}, year = {2000}, volume = {355}, pages = {1647-55}, doi = {doi 10.10 98 / rstb.20 0 0.072 7}} @ARTICLE{Queller94, author = {Queller, D. C.}, title = {Genetic Relatedness in Viscous Populations}, journal = {Evolutionary Ecology}, year = {1994}, volume = {8}, pages = {70-73}, review = {competition between relatives (a local range of competition) cancels the effects of kinship - this can happen with limited dispersal} } @ARTICLE{Queller89, author = {Queller, D. C. and Goodnight, K. F.}, title = {Estimating Relatedness Using Genetic Markers}, journal = {Evolution}, year = {1989}, volume = {43}, pages = {258-275}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Queller98, author = {Queller, D. C. and Strassmann, J. E.}, title = {Kin Selection and Social Insects}, journal = {BioScience}, year = {1998}, volume = {48}, pages = {165-175}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Quinn01b, author = {Quinn, M.}, title = {Evolving Communication Without Dedicated Communication Channels}, booktitle = {Advances in Artificial Life: Sixth European Conference On Artificial Life: ECAL2001}, year = {2001}, editor = {Kelemen, J. and Sosik, P.}, pages = {357-366}, address = {Prague and Czech Republic}, publisher = {Springer}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Quinn01a, author = {Quinn, M.}, title = {A Comparison of Approaches to the Evolution of Homogeneous Multi-Robot Teams}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2001 Congress On Evolutionary Computation: CEC2001}, year = {2001}, pages = {128-135}, address = {Seoul and Korea}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {The application of artificial evolution to the design of homogeneous multi-robot teams encounters the basic yet important issue of how such teams are to be generated. The standard approach used with homogeneous systems is to evaluate teams comprising identical copies of a single evolutionary individual. However an alternative would be to use a separate evolutionary individual to specify each member of a team. Intuitively the former seems a far better choice, however, so little consideration has been given to the latter approach that there is insufficient empirical evidence on which to discount it. The paper reports on a comparison of the two approaches over multiple runs in the context of a non-trivial co-operative task carried out by simulated mobile robots controlled by arbitrarily recurrent neural networks. Surprisingly, it was found that the latter approach performed significantly better than the former. Analysis and further experimentation were undertaken yielding a possible explanation of this result}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Quinn02b, author = {Quinn, M. and Smith, L. and Mayley, G. and Husbands, P.}, title = {Evolving Formation Movement For a Homogeneous Multi-Robot System: Teamwork and Role-Allocation With Real Robots}, journal = {Cognitive Science Research Papers}, year = {2002}, volume = {515}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, booktitle = {Cognitive Science Research Papers}, editor = {Standish, R. K. and Bedau, M. A. and Abbass, H. A.}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Quinn03, author = {Quinn, M. and Smith, L. and Mayley, G. and Husbands, P.}, title = {Evolving Controllers For a Homogeneous System of Physical Robots: Structured Cooperation With Minimal Sensors}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London and Series A: Mathematical and Physical and Engineering Sciences}, year = {2003}, volume = {361}, pages = {2321-2344}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Quinn02a, author = {Quinn, M. and Smith, L. and Mayley, G. and Husbands, P.}, title = {Evolving Teamwork and Role-Allocation With Real Robots}, booktitle = {Artificial Life VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference}, year = {2002}, pages = {302-311}, publisher = {MIT Press}} @ARTICLE{Qvarnstroem06, author = {Qvarnstr{\"o}m, A and Brommer J. E. and Gustafsson, L.}, title = {Testing the Genetics Underlying the Co-Evolution of Mate Choice and Ornament in the Wild}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2006}, volume = {441}, pages = {84}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Raik94, author = {Simon Raik and Bohdan Durnota}, title = {The Evolution of Sporting Strategies}, booktitle = {Complex Systems: Mechanisms of Adaption}, year = {1994}, editor = {Russel J. Stonier and Xing Huo Yu}, pages = {85--92}, address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands}, publisher = {IOS Press}, abstract = {This paper describes C oac H, an evolutionary simulator developed to investigate strategies for teams in a competitive environment, and discusses some of the issues surrounding the evolution of cooperation among team members. As its title suggests, C oac H is a simulator of sporting environments, as these possess the required motivations for such behaviour and have the potential to benefit the real sporting world. In addition to describing C oac H, this paper describes two applications...} } @ARTICLE{Rainey03, author = {Rainey, P. and Rainey, K.}, title = {Evolution of Cooperation and Conflict in Experimental Bacterial Populations}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2003}, volume = {425}, pages = {72-74}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Ratnieks92, author = {Ratnieks, F. L. W.}, title = {Conflict in Single-Queen Hymenopteran Societies: the Structure of Conflict and Processes That Reduce Conflict in Advanced Eusocial Species}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {1992}, volume = {158}, pages = {33-65}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Ratnieks88, author = {Ratnieks, F. L. W.}, title = {Reproductive Harmony Via Mutual Policing By Workers in Eusocial Hymenoptera}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, year = {1988}, volume = {132}, pages = {217-236}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Ratnieks00, author = {Ratnieks, F. L. W. and Anderson, C.}, title = {Task Partitioning in Insect Societies: Novel Situations}, journal = {Insectes Soc}, year = {2000}, volume = {47}, pages = {198--199}} @ARTICLE{Ratnieks99a, author = {Ratnieks, F. L. W. and Anderson, C.}, title = {Task Partitioning in Insect Societies}, journal = {Insectes Soc}, year = {1999}, volume = {46}, pages = {95--108}} @ARTICLE{Ratnieks99b, author = {Ratnieks, F. L. W. and Anderson, C.}, title = {Task Partitioning in Insect Societies. I. Effect of Colony Size On Queueing Delay and Colony Ergonomic Efficiency}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, year = {1999}, volume = {154}, pages = {521-535}, number = {5}} @ARTICLE{Ratnieks99c, author = {Ratnieks, F. L. W. and Anderson, C.}, title = {Task Partitioning in Insect Societies. II. Use of Queueing Delay Information in Recruitment}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, year = {1999}, volume = {154}, pages = {536-548}, number = {5}} @ARTICLE{Rauch02, author = {Rauch, J.}, title = {Seeing Around Corners}, journal = {The Atlantic}, year = {2002}, volume = {289}, pages = {35-48}, month = {4} } @ARTICLE{Reeve01, author = {Reeve, H. K. and Keller, L.}, title = {Tests of Reproductive-Skew Models in Social Insects}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Entomol.}, year = {2001}, volume = {46}, pages = {347-85}} @ARTICLE{Reeve97, author = {Reeve, H. K. and Keller, L.}, title = {Reproductive Bribing and Policing As Evolutionary Mechanisms For the Suppression of Within-Group Selfishness}, journal = {Am Nat}, year = {1997}, volume = {150}, pages = {42-58}} @PHDTHESIS{Reisen09, author = {Reisen, Nils}, title = {On Consumer Decision Strategies: New Approaches for Studying and Aiding Preferential Choices}, school = {University of Lausanne, Switzerland}, year = {2009}, abstract = {This dissertation focuses on the strategies consumers use when making purchase decisions. It is organized in two main parts, one centering on descriptive and the other on applied decision making research. In the first part, a new process tracing tool called InterActive Process Tracing (IAPT) is pre- sented, which I developed to investigate the nature of consumers’ decision strategies. This tool is a combination of several process tracing techniques, namely Active Information Search, Mouselab, and retrospective verbal protocol. To validate IAPT, two experiments on mobile phone purchase decisions were conducted where participants first repeatedly chose a mobile phone and then were asked to formalize their decision strategy so that it could be used to make choices for them. The choices made by the identified strategies correctly predicted the observed choices in 73% (Experiment 1) and 67% (Experiment 2) of the cases. Moreover, in Experiment 2, Mouselab and eye tracking were directly compared with respect to their impact on information search and strategy description. Only minor differences were found between these two methods. I conclude that IAPT is a useful research tool to identify choice strategies, and that using eye tracking technology did not increase its validity beyond that gained with Mouselab. In the second part, a prototype of a decision aid is introduced that was developed building in particular on the knowledge about consumers’ decision strategies gained in Part I. This decision aid, which is called the InterActive Choice Aid (IACA), systematically assists consumers in their purchase decisions. To evaluate the prototype regarding its perceived utility, an experiment was conducted where IACA was compared to two other prototypes that were based on real-world consumer decision aids. All three prototypes differed in the number and type of tools they provided to facilitate the process of choosing, ranging from low (Amazon) to medium (Sunrise/dpreview) to high functionality (IACA). Overall, participants slightly preferred the prototype of medium functionality and this prototype was also rated best on the dimensions of understandability and ease of use. IACA was rated best regarding the two dimensions of ease of elimination and ease of comparison of alternatives. Moreover, participants choices were more in line with the normatively oriented weighted additive strategy when they used IACA than when they used the medium functionality prototype. The low functionality prototype was rated considerably worse than the other two. It is concluded that consumers can and will benefit from highly functional decision aids like IACA, but only when these systems are easy to understand and to use.}, keywords = {Decision strategies, process tracing, Mouselab, eye tracking, preferential choice, con- } @ARTICLE{Reisen08, author = {Nils Reisen AND Ulrich Hoffrage1 AND Fred W. Mast}, title = {Identifying decision strategies in a consumer choice situation}, journal = {Judgment and Decision Making}, year = {2008}, volume = {3}, pages = {641–658}, abstract = {In two studies on mobile phone purchase decisions, we investigated consumers’ decision strategies with a newly developed process tracing tool called InterActive Process Tracing (IAPT). This tool is a combination of several process tracing techniques (Active Information Search, Mouselab, and retrospective verbal protocol). After repeatedly choosing one of four mobile phones, participants formalized their strategy so that it could be used to make choices for them. The choices made by the identified strategies correctly predicted the observed choices in 73% (Experiment 1) and 67% (Experiment 2) of the cases. Moreover, in Experiment 2 we directly compared Mouselab and eye tracking with respect to their impact on information search and strategy description. We found only minor differences between these two methods. We conclude that IAPT is a useful research tool to identify choice strategies, and that using eye tracking technology did not increase its validity beyond that gained with Mouselab.}, same institute that Sebastian Hafenbraedl is doing his PhD}, keywords = {decision strategies, process tracing, verbal protocols, decision making, } @PHDTHESIS{Reuter02, author = {Reuter, M.}, title = {Conflict and Cooperation in Ant Societies}, year = {2002}} @ARTICLE{ReyesLopez87, author = {Reyes Lopez, J. L.}, title = {Optimal Foraging in Seed-Harvester Ants: Computer-Aided Simulation}, journal = {Ecology}, year = {1987}, volume = {68}, pages = {1630-1633}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Reynolds93, author = {Reynolds, C.}, title = {An Evolved, Vision-Based Behavioral Model of Coordinated Group Motion}, booktitle = {From Animals to Animats 2}, year = {1993}, pages = {384-392}, publisher = {MIT Press}, predator; predator prefers solitary critters; critters have limited vision; results not very clear}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Reynolds87, author = {Reynolds, C.}, title = {Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model}, year = {1987}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {25-34}, journal = {Computer Graphics} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Richards05, author = {Richards, M.D. AND Whitley, D. AND Beveridge, J.R. AND Mytkowicz, T. AND Nguyen, D. AND Rome, D.}, title = {Evolving cooperative strategies for {UAV} teams}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation}, year = {2005}, pages = {1721-1728}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, publisher = {ACM Press}, abstract = {We present a Genetic Programming approach to evolve cooperative controllers for teams of UAVs. Our focus is a collaborative search mission in an uncertain and/or hostile environment. The controllers are decision trees constructed from a set of low-level functions. Evolved decision trees are robust to changes in initial mission parameters and approach the optimal bound for time-to-completion. We compare results between steady-state and generational approaches, and examine the effects of two common selection operators.} } @BOOK{Ridley99, title = {Genome - The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters}, publisher = {Fourth Estate}, year = {1999}, author = {Ridley, M.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Riener08, author = {Riener, A. and Ferscha, A.}, title = {{Raising Awareness about Space via Vibro-Tactile Notifications}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Smart Sensing and Context}, year = {2008}, editor = {Daniel Roggen et al.}, pages = {235--245}, organization = {Springer}, abstract = {Human perception, in a world of continuous and seamless exposure to visual and auditory stimuli, is increasingly challenged to information overload. Among the primary human senses, vision, audition and tactation, particularly the sense of touch appears underemployed in todays designs of interfaces that deliver information to the user. While about more than 70% of the information perceived by humans is delivered via the sight and hearing channel, only about 21% is perceived via the haptic sense. In situations of work or engaged activity, where both the visual and auditory channel are occupied because of the involvement in the foreground task, notifications or alerts coming from the background, and delivered via these channels tend to fail to raise sufficient levels of attention. With this paper we propose to involve the haptic channel for situations where important notifications tend to be ”overseen” or ”overheard”. We opt for a vibro-tactile notification system whenever eyes, ears and hands are in charge. A body worn, belt like vibration system is proposed, delivering tactile notifications to the user in a very subtle, unobtrusive, yet demanding style. Vibration elements seamlessly integrated into the fabric of an off-the-shelf waist belt, lets the system deliver patterns of vibration signals generated by modulating amplitude, frequency, duration and rhythm – so called tactograms – to eight well positioned vibra elements. A series of user tests has been conducted, investigating the perception of distance to physical ob jects, like walls or obstacles, in the vicinity of users. Results encourage for a whole new class of space awareness solutions.}, } @ARTICLE{Riolo01, author = {Riolo, R. L. and Cohen, M. D. and Axelrod, R.}, title = {Evolution of Cooperation Without Reciprocity}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2001}, volume = {414}, pages = {441-443}, rating = {10} } @ARTICLE{Roberts98, author = {Roberts, G. and Sherratt, T. N.}, title = {Development of Cooperative Relationships Through Increasing Investment}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1998}, volume = {394}, pages = {175-179} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Robinson02, author = {A. Robinson and L. Spector}, title = {Using genetic programming with multiple data types and automatic modularization to evolve decentralized and coordinated navigation in multi-agent systems}, booktitle = {Late-Breaking Papers of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2002)}, year = {2002}, publisher = {The International Society for Genetic and Evolutionary Computation} } @ARTICLE{Robinson92, author = {Robinson, G. E.}, title = {Regulation of Division of Labor in Insect Societies}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Entomol.}, year = {1992}, volume = {37}, pages = {637-65}, papers on the subject
ISSN: 0340-7594 (Paper) 1432-1351 (Online)}, doi = {10.1007/s003590050196}} @ARTICLE{Robinson88, author = {Robinson, G. E. and Page, R. E.}, title = {Genetic Determination of Guarding and Undertaking in Honey-Bee Colonies}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1998}, volume = {333}, number = {6171}} @ARTICLE{Robinson89, author = {Robinson, G. E. and Page, R. E. and Strambi, C. and Strambi, A.}, title = {Hormonal and Genetic Control of Behavioral Integration in Honey Bee Colonies}, journal = {Science}, year = {1989}, volume = {246}, pages = {109-112.}, month = {10}, howpublished = {2} } @ARTICLE{Zhang06b, author = {Robot, A.R.P.C.}, title = {{Sky Cleaner 3}}, journal = {IEEE Robotics \& Automation Magazine}, year = {2006}, volume = {13}, pages = {32}, abstract = {There are large numbers of high-rise buildings with glass curtain walls that require constant cleaning and is carried out using permanent gondola systems. This is a laborious and dangerous work in midair. Due to a lack of uniform building structure, wall cleaning and maintenance of high-rise buildings is becoming one of the most appropriate fields for robotization. The development of walking and climbing offers a novel alternative solution to glass-wall cleaning. Application of a type of cleaning robotic system can free workers from this hazardous work and realize an automatic cleaning of high-rise buildings, thereby improving the technological level and productivity of the service industry.}, } @ARTICLE{Roenneberg07, author = {Roenneberg, T. and Kumar, C.J. and Merrow, M.}, title = {{The human circadian clock entrains to sun time}}, journal = {Current Biology}, year = {2007}, volume = {17}, pages = {44--45}, number = {2}, keywords = {circadian rhythm, work time, day, night, sleep}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @PHDTHESIS{Roggen05, author = {Roggen, Daniel}, title = {Multi-cellular reconfigurable circuits}, school = {Ecole polytechnique f\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL)}, year = {2005}, address = {Lausanne}, abstract = {Bio-inspired electronic circuits have the potential to address some of the shortcomings of conventional electronic circuits, such as lack of applicability to ill-defined problems, of robustness, or of adaptivity to unexpectedly changing environments. Bio-inspired circuits are designed by taking inspiration from principles observed in biology. The evolution of biological organisms, their development from a fertilized egg, and their learning capabilities are three sources of bio-inspiration that can be used for this purpose. Until now bio-inspired electronics mostly focused on a single aspect of bio-inspiration: either evolution, development or learning. In this thesis we consider that electronic circuits should encompass all three aspects to fully benefit from bio-inspiration. These circuits capable of evolution, development and learning are called POEtic circuits (POE stands for phylogeny, ontogeny and epigenesis, that mean respectively evolution, development and learning). Conceptually these POEtic circuits, much like biological organisms, are multi-cellular circuits that evolve following the principles of selection and differential reproduction, they develop from a single cell and differentiate according to inter-cellular and environmental signals, and eventually they learn during their lifetime. These circuits may also dynamically reorganize their structure in order to cope with changes in the environment, or when they are expanded with new cells, sensors or actuators. In comparison to conventional circuits, POEtic circuits are created automatically using evolutionary principles, even if only a partial or high-level specification of the problem is known. Development provides a complex genotype to phenotype mapping, that may lead to fault-tolerance or adaptive development in order to cope with environmental changes. Finally learning allows these circuits to memorize past events or adapt their response over time to improve their behavior. This thesis deals with the evolutionary mechanisms required to evolve these POEtic circuits. We argue that in order to fully realize the potential of POEtic circuits a novel evolutionary system that takes into account their characteristics and that encompasses both a genetic encoding and a developmental system is required. Indeed, evolutionary algorithms commonly used to evolve electronic circuits do not exploit the complex dynamics of development which is seen in biological organisms. They generally use a direct genetic encoding with a one to one genotype to phenotype mapping. As a consequence the genetic string grows with the size of the circuits and this may limit the scalability of the evolutionary approach to larger circuits. Furthermore these encodings do not allow intercellular or environmental interactions during development, which could lead to adaptive development or fault-tolerant circuits. In this thesis we develop an evolutionary system suited for multi-cellular POEtic circuits. This evolutionary system is inspired by the mechanisms of gene expression and cellular differentiation seen in biological organisms. It attempts to provide better evolvability and scalability than direct genetic encodings, it allows cellular or environmental interactions during development, and it is computationally simple so that it can be efficiently implemented in hardware. It is furthermore generic, and it makes minimal assumptions on the circuits that are evolved: other than assuming they are multi-cellular, it only requires local communication between neighboring cells. We demonstrate the proposed evolutionary system by evolving multi-cellular circuits for a wide range of applications. The results that we obtain confirm the generality of our approach and its advantages in comparison to direct genetic encodings. The proposed evolutionary system is used to evolve structures of differentiated cells, and it shows better scalability to larger structures in terms of fitness than a direct genetic encoding. The dynamics of development within the evolutionary system can recover these structures in case of faults, even at high fault rates. The proposed evolutionary system is used to evolve multi-cellular circuits composed of spiking neurons to recognize patterns and to control the navigation with obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot, and in comparison it outperforms a direct genetic encoding. Finally it is used to evolve circuits capable of learning that control a mobile robot in a vision-based learning and navigation task. This last application demonstrates the three aspects of bio-inspiration of POEtic circuits in a single task: evolution, development and learning.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=33667}, documenturl = {http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3198}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:thesis-3198}, oai-set = {thesis}, pagecount = {246 p.}, publisher = {EPFL}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LIS}, url = {http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3198} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Rosin95, author = {Rosin, C. D. AND Belew, R. K.}, title = {Methods for competitive co-evolution: Finding opponents worth beating}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms}, year = {1995}, editor = {S. Forrest}, pages = {373–380}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufman: San Mateo, CA} } @ARTICLE{Ross95, author = {Ross, K. G. and Keller, L.}, title = {Ecology and Evolution of Social Organization: Insights From Fire Ants and Other Highly Eusocial Insects}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.}, year = {1995}, volume = {26}, pages = {631-656} } @ARTICLE{Rossiter05, author = {Rossiter, S. J. and Ransome, R. D. and Faulkes, C. G. and Le Comber, S. C. and Jones, G. J.}, title = {Mate Fidelity and Intra-Lineage Polygyny in Greater Horseshoe Bats}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {437}, pages = {408-411}, doi = {10.1038/nature03965}} @ARTICLE{Rowell06, author = {Rowell, J.T. and Ellner, S.P. and Reeve, H.K.}, title = {{Why Animals Lie: How Dishonesty and Belief Can Coexist in a Signaling System}}, journal = {American Naturalist}, year = {2006}, volume = {168}, pages = {180-204}, abstract = {We develop and apply a simple model for animal communication in which signalers can use a nontrivial frequency of deception without causing listeners to completely lose belief. This common feature of animal communication has been difficult to explain as a stable adaptive outcome of the options and payoffs intrinsic to signaling interactions. Our theory is based on two realistic assumptions. (1) Signals are "overheard" by several listeners or listener types with different payoffs. The signaler may then benefit from using incomplete honesty to elicit different responses from different listener types, such as attracting potential mates while simultaneously deterring competitors. (2) Signaler and listener strategies change dynamically in response to current payoffs for different behaviors. The dynamic equations can be interpreted as describing learning and behavior change by individuals or evolution across generations. We explain how our dynamic model differs from other solution concepts from classical and evolutionary game theory and how it relates to general models for frequency-dependent phenotype dynamics. We illustrate the theory with several applications where deceptive signaling occurs readily in our framework, including bluffing competitors for potential mates or territories. We suggest future theoretical directions to make the models more general and propose some possible experimental tests.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1086/508809} } @ARTICLE{Russell08, author = {Russell, B.C. and Torralba, A. and Murphy, K.P. and Freeman, W.T.}, title = {{LabelMe: a database and web-based tool for image annotation}}, journal = {International Journal of Computer Vision}, year = {2008}, volume = {77}, pages = {157--173}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Rusu10, author = {Radu Bogdan Rusu and Gary Bradski and Romain Thibaux and John Hsu}, title = {Fast 3D Recognition and Pose Using the Viewpoint Feature Histogram}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)}, year = {2010}, address = {Taipei, Taiwan}, month = {10/2010} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Rusu09, author = {Radu Bogdan Rusu and Andreas Holzbach and Rosen Diankov and Gary Bradski and Michael Beetz}, title = {Perception for Mobile Manipulation and Grasping using Active Stereo}, booktitle = {Humanoids}, year = {2009}, address = {Paris}, month = {12/2009}, abstract = {

~~ Abstract{\textemdash} In this paper we present a comprehensive per-
ception system with applications to mobile manipulation and
grasping for personal robotics. Our approach makes use of
dense 3D point cloud data acquired using stereo vision cameras
by projecting textured light onto the scene. To create models
suitable for grasping, we extract the supporting planes and
model object clusters with different surface geometric primi-
tives. The resultant decoupled primitive point clusters are then
reconstructed as smooth triangular mesh surfaces, and their use
is validated in grasping experiments using OpenRAVE [1]. To
annotate the point cloud data with primitive geometric labels
we make use of our previously proposed Fast Point Feature
Histograms [2] and probabilistic graphical methods (Condi-
tional Random Fields), and obtain a classification accuracy of
98.27\% for different object geometries. We show the validity of
our approach by analyzing the proposed system for the problem
of building object models usable in grasping applications with
the PR2 robot.

}, url = {http://www.humanoids2009.org/} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Ryan04, author = {Ryan, A. and Zennaro, M. and Howell, A and Sengupta, R. and Hedrick, J. K.}, title = {An Overview of Emerging Results in Cooperative {UAV} Control}, year = {2004}, volume = {1}, pages = {602-607}, journal = {IEEE Conference On Decision and Control} } @ARTICLE{Rueppell04, author = {R{\"u}ppell, O. and Pankiw, T. and Page Jr, R. E.}, title = {{Pleiotropy, Epistasis and New QTL: The Genetic Architecture of Honey Bee Foraging Behavior}}, journal = {J. Hered.}, year = {2004}, volume = {95}, pages = {481-491} } @ARTICLE{Sachs05, author = {Sachs, J. L. and Bull, J. J}, title = {Experimental Evolution of Conflict Mediation Between Genomes}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.}, year = {2005}, volume = {102}, pages = {390-395}, number = {2}, month = {1}, phages of escherichia coli and different conflict mediation mechanisms
}} @ARTICLE{Sachs04, author = {Sachs, J. L. and Mueller, U. G. and Wilcox, T. P. and Bull, J. J}, title = {The Evolution of Cooperation}, journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology}, year = {2004}, volume = {79}, pages = {135--160}, doi = {DOI: 10.1086/383541}} @ARTICLE{Salganik06, author = {Salganik, M. J. and Dodds, P. S. and Watts, D. J.}, title = {Experimental Study of Inequality and Unpredictability in an Artificial Cultural Market}, journal = {Science}, year = {2006}, volume = {311}, pages = {854-856}, one's own selections, exaggerating the market success of certain songs and introducing uncertainty.
}} @ARTICLE{Sanjay03, author = {Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff and Shun-Tak Leung}, title = {The Google File System}, journal = {19th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles}, year = {2003} } @ARTICLE{Santos06, author = {Santos, FC AND Pacheco, JM AND Lenaerts, T}, title = {Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust their social ties}, journal = {PLoS Comput Biol}, year = {2006}, volume = {2}, pages = {1284-1291}, abstract = {Conventional evolutionary game theory predicts that natural selection favours the selfish and strong even though cooperative interactions thrive at all levels of organization in living systems. Recent investigations demonstrated that a limiting factor for the evolution of cooperative interactions is the way in which they are organized, cooperators becoming evolutionarily competitive whenever individuals are constrained to interact with few others along the edges of networks with low average connectivity. Despite this insight, the conundrum of cooperation remains since recent empirical data shows that real networks exhibit typically high average connectivity and associated single-to-broad– scale heterogeneity. Here, a computational model is constructed in which individuals are able to self-organize both their strategy and their social ties throughout evolution, based exclusively on their self-interest. We show that the entangled evolution of individual strategy and network structure constitutes a key mechanism for the sustainability of cooperation in social networks. For a given average connectivity of the population, there is a critical value for the ratio W between the time scales associated with the evolution of strategy and of structure above which cooperators wipe out defectors. Moreover, the emerging social networks exhibit an overall heterogeneity that accounts very well for the diversity of patterns recently found in acquired data on social networks. Finally, heterogeneity is found to become maximal when W reaches its critical value. These results show that simple topological dynamics reflecting the individual capacity for self-organization of social ties can produce realistic networks of high average connectivity with associated single-to-broad–scale heterogeneity. On the other hand, they show that cooperation cannot evolve as a result of ‘‘social viscosity’’ alone in heterogeneous networks with high average connectivity, requiring the additional mechanism of topological co-evolution to ensure the survival of cooperative behaviour.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi. 0020140} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Saunders96, author = {G. Saunders and J. Pollack}, title = {The evolution of communication schemes over continuous channels}, booktitle = {From Animals to Animats 4 - Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Adaptive Behaviour}, year = {1996} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Sauter02, author = {John A. Sauter AND Robert Matthews AND H. Van Dyke Parunak AND Sven Brueckner}, title = {Evolving Adaptive Pheromone Path Planning Mechanisms}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS2002, Bologna, Italy)}, year = {2002}, pages = {434-440} } @BOOK{Scerri06, title = {Coordination of Large-scale Multiagent Systems}, publisher = {Birkhäuser}, year = {2006}, author = {Scerri, Paul AND Vincent, Régis AND Mailler, Roger}, pages = {348}, abstract = {Challenges arise when the size of a group of cooperating agents is scaled to hundreds or thousands of members. This book describes systems, such as SERSE and WIZER, as well as general approaches based on game theory, optimization and other theoretical frameworks. It is useful for researchers in academia and industry, and advanced-level students.}, url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=pd5E3LVu_L0C} } @ARTICLE{Schaal10, author = {Schaal, S. and Atkeson, C.}, title = {{Learning Control in Robotics}}, journal = {Robotics \& Automation Magazine, IEEE}, year = {2010}, volume = {17}, pages = {20--29}, number = {2}, publisher = {IEEE} } @ARTICLE{Schaal03, author = {Schaal, S. and Ijspeert, A. and Billard, A.}, title = {{Computational approaches to motor learning by imitation}}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences}, year = {2003}, volume = {358}, pages = {537}, number = {1431}, abstract = {Movement imitation requires a complex set of mechanisms that map an observed movement of a teacher onto one’s own movement apparatus. Relevant problems include movement recognition, pose estimation, pose tracking, body correspondence, coordinate transformation from external to egocentric space, match- ing of observed against previously learned movement, resolution of redundant degrees-of-freedom that are unconstrained by the observation, suitable movement representations for imitation, modularization of motor control, etc. All of these topics by themselves are active research problems in computational and neurobiological sciences, such that their combination into a complete imitation system remains a daunting undertaking—indeed, one could argue that we need to understand the complete perception–action loop. As a strategy to untangle the complexity of imitation, this paper will examine imitation purely from a computational point of view, i.e. we will review statistical and mathematical approaches that have been suggested for tackling parts of the imitation problem, and discuss their merits, disadvantages and underly- ing principles. Given the focus on action recognition of other contributions in this special issue, this paper will primarily emphasize the motor side of imitation, assuming that a perceptual system has already ident- ified important features of a demonstrated movement and created their corresponding spatial information. Based on the formalization of motor control in terms of control policies and their associated performance criteria, useful taxonomies of imitation learning can be generated that clarify different approaches and future research directions.}, issn = {0962-8436}, keywords = {imitation; motor control; duality of movement generation and movement recognition; motor primitives}, publisher = {The Royal Society} } @ARTICLE{Schneider-Fontan98, author = {Schneider-Fontan, and Mataric, M.}, title = {Territorial Multi-Robot Task Division}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Robotics and Automation}, year = {1998}, volume = {14}, pages = {815-822}, number = {5}, media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Schroedinger44, title = {{Was ist Leben?}}, publisher = {Piper Verlag GmBH, M{\"u}nchen}, year = {2003}, author = {Schr{\"o}dinger, E.} } @ARTICLE{Schultz00, author = {Schultz, T.R.}, title = {{In search of ant ancestors}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2000}, volume = {97}, pages = {14028--14029}, number = {26}, publisher = {National Acad Sciences} } @ARTICLE{Schulz02, author = {Schulz, D. J. and Barron, A. B. and Robinson, G. E.}, title = {A Role For Octopamine in Honey Bee Division of Labor}, journal = {Brain Behav Evol}, year = {2002}, volume = {60}, pages = {350--359}} @CONFERENCE{Schoellig10, author = {Sch{\\"o}llig, Angela and Alonso-Mora, Javier and D’Andrea, Raffaello}, title = {{Benefits of sharing information in iterative learning control}}, booktitle = {Asian Journal of Control} } @CONFERENCE{Schöllig09, author = {Sch{\\"o}llig, A. and D’Andrea, R.}, title = {{Optimization-based iterative learning control for trajectory tracking}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Control Conference (ECC}, year = {2009} } @BOOK{Seeley95, title = {{The Wisdom of the Hive: The Social Physiology of Honey Bee Colonies}}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Seeley, T. D.} } @ARTICLE{Semmann03, author = {Semmann, D. and Krambeck, H. J. and Milinski, M.}, title = {Volunteering Leads to Rock-Paper-Scissors Dynamics in a Public Goods Game}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2003}, volume = {425}, pages = {390-393}, month = {9},media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Sendova-Franks94, author = {Sendova-Franks, A. B. and Franks, N. R.}, title = {Social Resilience in Individual Worker Ants and Its Role in Division of Labour}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.}, year = {1994}, volume = {256}, pages = {305-309}} @ARTICLE{Seyfarth80, author = {Seyfarth, RM and Cheney, DL and Marler, P.}, title = {{Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication}}, journal = {Science}, year = {1980}, volume = {210}, pages = {801}, number = {4471} } @ARTICLE{Sharkey08, author = {Sharkey, N.}, title = {{The Ethical Frontiers of Robotics}}, journal = {Science}, year = {2008}, volume = {322}, pages = {1800}, number = {5909}, abstract = {Robots have been used in laboratories and factories for many years, but their uses are changing fast. Since the turn of the century, sales of professional and personal service robots have risen sharply and are estimated to total ~5.5 million in 2008. This number, which far outstrips the 1 million operational industrial robots on the planet, is estimated to reach 11.5 million by 2011 (1). Service robots are good at dull, dangerous, and dirty work, such as cleaning sewers or windows and performing domestic duties in the home. They harvest fruit, pump gasoline, assist doctors and surgeons, dispose of bombs, and even entertain us. Yet the use of service robots poses unanticipated risks and ethical problems. Two main areas of potential ethical risk are considered here: the care of children and the elderly, and the development of autonomous robot weapons by the military.}, publisher = {AAAS} } @ARTICLE{Shen02, author = {Shen, W. M. and Salemi, B. and Will, P.}, title = {Hormone Inspired Adaptive Communication and Distributed Control For CONRO Self Reconfigurable Robots}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Robotics and Automation}, year = {2002}, volume = {18}, pages = {655-661}, number = {5}, media = {"pdf"} } @MISC{US4778301-CompactCleaner-87.pdf, author = {Sicotte, Pierre}, title = {Compact Multi-Function Glass Cleaning Device}, year = {1987}, abstract = {A compact, multi-function glass cleaning device which comprises a housing having a hand grasping portion, a working end portion, and a spray end portion. A reservoir is provided in the housing with the spray end portion having a finger activated spray pump in communication with the reservoir....}, url = {http://www.google.com/patents?id=Vd04AAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=glass+cleaning#PPA55,M1} } @ARTICLE{Siegel05, author = {Siegel, J. M.}, title = {Clues to the Functions of Mammalian Sleep}, year = {2005} } @ARTICLE{Sigmund01, author = {Sigmund, K. and Nowak, M.}, title = {Tides of Tolerance}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2001}, volume = {414}, pages = {403-405}, number = {22}, article to Riolo01}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Simoes02, author = {Simoes, E. D. V. and Barone, D. A. C.}, title = {Predation: An Approach to Improving the Evolution of Real Robots With a Distributed Evolutionary Controller}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference On Robotics and Automation}, year = {2002}, pages = {664-669}} @ARTICLE{Sitti03, author = {Sitti, M. AND Fearing, R. S.}, title = {Synthetic gecko foot-hair micro/nano-structures as dry adhesives}, journal = {Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology}, year = {2003}, volume = {18}, pages = {1055-1074}, abstract = {This paper proposes techniques to fabricate synthetic gecko foot-hairs as dry adhesives for future wall-climbing and surgical robots, and models for understanding the synthetic hair design issues. Two nanomolding fabrication techniques are proposed: the first method uses nanoprobe indented flat wax surface and the second one uses a nano-pore membrane as a template. These templates are molded with silicone rubber, polyimide, etc. type of polymers under vacuum. Next, design parameters such as length, diameter, stiffness, density, and orientation of hairs are determined for non-matting and rough surface adaptability. Preliminary micro/nano-hair prototypes showed adhesion close to the predicted values for natural specimens (around 100 nN each).}, doi = {10.1163/156856103322113788} } @OTHER{Skinner45, author = {Skinner, B.F.} } @ARTICLE{Skinner56, author = {Skinner, B.F.}, title = {{A case history in scientific method}}, journal = {American Psychologist}, year = {1956}, volume = {11}, pages = {1--23}, number = {22} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Smith98, author = {Smith, T.}, title = {Blurred Vision: Simulation-Reality Transfer of a Visually Guided Robot}, booktitle = {Evolutionary Robotics: First European Workshop, EvoRob'98}, year = {1998}, pages = {152-164}, publisher = {Springer}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Smith01, author = {Smith, T. and Husbands, P. and O{\^A}’Shea, M.}, title = {Not Measuring Evolvability: Initial Investigation of an Evolutionary Robotics Search Space}, booktitle = {Congress On Evolutionary Computation: CEC{\^A}’2001}, year = {2001}, series = {IEEE Press}, pages = {01.09.2016}, media = {"pdf"} } @INBOOK{Sober01, chapter = {The Two Faces of Fitness}, pages = {309-321}, title = {{Thinking about Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {R. Singh AND D. Paul AND C. Krimbas AND J. Beatty}, author = {Sober, E.}, address = {Cambridge, UK} } @ARTICLE{Sokal96, author = {Sokal, A.}, title = {Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity}, journal = {Social Text}, year = {1996}, pages = {217-252}, number = {46/47} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Sorokin10, author = {Alexander Sorokin and Dmitry Berenson and Siddhartha S. Srinivasa and Martial Hebert}, title = {People Helping Robots Helping People: Crowdsourcing for Grasping Novel Objects}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems October 18-22, 2010, Taipei, Taiwan}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Forsuccessfuldeployment,personalrobotsmust adapt to ever-changing indoor environments. While dealing with novel objects is a largely unsolved challenge in AI, it is easy for people. In this paper we present a framework for robot supervision through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Unlike traditional models of teleoperation, people provide semantic information about the world and subjective judgements. The robot then autonomously utilizes the additional information to enhance its capabilities. The information can be collected on demand in large volumes and at low cost. We demonstrate our approach on the task of grasping unknown objects.} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Soto05, author = {Soto, J. AND Lin, K.-C.}, title = {Using genetic algorithms to evolve the control rules of a swarm of {UAV}s}, booktitle = {Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2005. Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on}, year = {2005}, pages = {359- 365}, abstract = {Due to the large number of interactions that the agents in a swarm of UAVs have with each other as well as with their environment, it is necessary to obtain a viable procedure that yields a reasonable group behavior from these local interactions. This paper proposes a hierarchical behavior-based model in which several parameters are adjusted with a genetic algorithm (GA). The presented model implements three explicit layers of behaviors (basic, group and mission) in a simulation in which the agents seek to survey a rectangular target area while avoiding a circular obstacle.}, doi = {10.1109/ISCST.2005.1553335} } @ARTICLE{Spector06, author = {Spector, L. and Klein, J.}, title = {Genetic Stability and Territorial Structure Facilitate the Evolution of Tag-Mediated Altruism}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {2006}, volume = {12}} @ARTICLE{Spector05, author = {Lee Spector AND Jon Klein AND Chris Perry AND Mark Feinstein}, title = {Emergence of Collective Behavior in Evolving Populations of Flying Agents}, journal = {Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines}, year = {2005}, volume = {6}, pages = {111--125}, abstract = {We demonstrate the emergence of collective behavior in two evolutionary computation systems, one an evolutionary extension of a classic (highly constrained) flocking algorithm and the other a relatively un-constrained system in which the behavior of agents is governed by evolved computer programs. The first system demonstrates the evolution of a form of multicellular organization, while the second demonstrates the evolution of a form of altruistic food sharing. In this article we describe both systems in detail, document the emergence of collective behavior, and argue that these systems present new opportunities for the study of group dynamics in an evolutionary context. We also provide a brief overview of the breve simulation environment in which the systems were produced, and of breve’s facilities for the rapid, exploratory development of visualization strategies for artificial life.}, doi = {10.1007/s10710-005-7620-3} } @ARTICLE{Spector03, author = {Spector, L. and Klein, J. and Perry, C. and Feinstein, M.}, title = {Emergence of Collective Behavior in Evolving Populations of Flying Agents}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2003}, volume = {2723}, pages = {61--73} } @ARTICLE{Stack92, author = {Stack, S. and Gundlach, J.}, title = {The Effect of Country Music On Suicide}, journal = {Social Forces}, year = {1992}, volume = {71}, pages = {211-218}, number = {1}, month = {9}, publisher = {Stack92.Pdf} } @ARTICLE{Stanley05, author = {Stanley, K.O. AND Bryant, B.D. AND Miikkulainen, R.}, title = {Real-time neuroevolution in the {NERO} video game}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on}, year = {2005}, volume = {9}, pages = {653-668}, abstract = {In most modern video games, character behavior is scripted; no matter how many times the player exploits a weakness, that weakness is never repaired. Yet, if game characters could learn through interacting with the player, behavior could improve as the game is played, keeping it interesting. This paper introduces the real-time Neuroevolution of Augmenting Topologies (rtNEAT) method for evolving increasingly complex artificial neural networks in real time, as a game is being played. The rtNEAT method allows agents to change and improve during the game. In fact, rtNEAT makes possible an entirely new genre of video games in which the player trains a team of agents through a series of customized exercises. To demonstrate this concept, the Neuroevolving Robotic Operatives (NERO) game was built based on rtNEAT. In NERO, the player trains a team of virtual robots for combat against other players' teams. This paper describes results from this novel application of machine learning, and demonstrates that rtNEAT makes possible video games like NERO where agents evolve and adapt in real time. In the future, rtNEAT may allow new kinds of educational and training applications through interactive and adapting games.}, doi = {10.1109/TEVC.2005.856210} } @MISC{Stearns86, author = {Stearns, S. C.}, title = {Some Modest Advice For Graduate Students}, year = {1986} } @MISC{Stodder03, author = {Stodder, J.}, title = {A Brief Introduction to Non-Cooperative Game Theory (or "What the Nobel Was For in '94")}, howpublished = {URL: http://www.rh.edu/~stodder/BE/IntroGameT.htm (version 11.4.2003)}, month = {4}, year = {2003}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Stone00, author = {Stone, P. AND Veloso, M.}, title = {Multiagent Systems: A Survey from a Machine Learning Perspective}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2000}, volume = {8}, pages = {345--383}, abstract = {Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) has existed as a subfield of AI for less than two decades. DAI is concerned with systems that consist of multiple independent entities that interact in a domain. Traditionally, DAI has been divided into two sub-disciplines: Distributed Problem Solving (DPS) focuses on the information management aspects of systems with several components working together towards a common goal; Multiagent Systems (MAS) deals with behavior management in collections of several independent entities, or agents. This survey of MAS is intended to serve as an introduction to the field and as an organizational framework. A series of general multiagent scenarios are presented. For each scenario, the issues that arise are described along with a sampling of the techniques that exist to deal with them. The presented techniques are not exhaustive, but they highlight how multiagent systems can be and have been used to build complex systems. When options exist, the techniques presented are biased towards machine learning approaches. Additional opportunities for applying machine learning to MAS are highlighted and robotic soccer is presented as an appropriate test bed for MAS. This survey does not focus exclusively on robotic systems. However, we believe that much of the prior research in non-robotic MAS is relevant to robotic MAS, and we explicitly discuss several robotic MAS, including all of those presented in this issue.} } @ARTICLE{Stowers78, author = {Stowers, I.F.}, title = {{Advances in cleaning metal and glass surfaces to micron-level cleanliness}}, journal = {Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology}, year = {1978}, volume = {15}, pages = {751}, abstract = {A high-pressure 6.9-MPa liquid spraying technique has been developed to remove small (>~5 µm) contaminant particles from large (100 m2) surface areas. Chemically polished and etched 304 stainless-steel components are solvent sprayed to achieve cleanliness levels of less than 10 particle/cm2>~5 µm diameter. The high-pressure and high-liquid-velocity cleaning technique can remove 99.9% of >~5-µm-diam particles in 5–10 s compared to only 20–60%>~5-µm particles by ultrasonic cleaning in 2–10 min. High levels of particulate cleanliness are required for large solid–state laser systems where contaminants may migrate to optical surfaces and cause severe pitting. The pitted glass must be removed and periodically repolished to maintain acceptable beam quality. Special Class 100 clean room procedures and equipment have been developed to determine the degree of cleanliness of laser components and to maintain cleanliness during installation and operation. Development of these cleaning procedures resulted in greatly reduced failure rates for solid-state disk amplifiers. Although developed specifically for cleaning optical components, the basic technique should find wide application in any field requiring particulate-free surfaces.}, doi = {doi:10.1116/1.569504}, publisher = {AVS} } @ARTICLE{Strassmann00, author = {Strassmann, J. E. and Zhu, Y. and Queller, D. C.}, title = {Altruism and Social Cheating in the Social Amoeba Dictyostelium Discoideum}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2000}, volume = {408}, pages = {965-967}, doi = {doi:10.1038/35050087}} @ARTICLE{Stulp08, author = {Freek Stulp and Michael Beetz}, title = {Refining the execution of abstract actions with learned action models}, journal = {Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR)}, year = {2008}, volume = {32}, month = {June}, abstract = {Robots reason about abstract actions, such as go to position ‘l’, in order to decide what to do or to generate plans for their intended course of action. The use of abstract actions enables robots to employ small action libraries, which reduces the search space for decision making. When executing the actions, however, the robot must tailor the abstract actions to the specific task and situation context at hand. In this article we propose a novel robot action execution system that learns success and performance models for possible specializations of abstract actions. At execution time, the robot uses these models to optimize the execution of abstract actions to the respective task contexts. The robot can so use abstract actions for efficient reasoning, without compro- mising the performance of action execution. We show the impact of our action execution model in three robotic domains and on two kinds of action execution problems: (1) the instantiation of free action parameters to optimize the expected performance of action se- quences; (2) the automatic introduction of additional subgoals to make action sequences more reliable.} } @TECHREPORT{Suganthan05, author = {Suganthan, PN and Hansen, N. and Liang, JJ and Deb, K. and Chen, YP and Auger, A. and Tiwari, S.}, title = {Problem definitions and evaluation criteria for the CEC 2005 special session on real-parameter optimization}, institution = {Nanyang Technological University, Singapore} } @ARTICLE{Sundstroem96, author = {Sundstroem, L. and Chapuisat, M. and Keller, L.}, title = {Conditional Manipulation of Sex Ratios By Ant Workers: A Test of Kin Selection Theory}, journal = {Science}, year = {1996}, volume = {274}, pages = {993-995}, media = {"pdf"} } @PHDTHESIS{Sutton84, author = {Sutton, Richard S. }, title = {Temporal credit assignment in reinforcement learning}, school = {University of Massachusetts Amherst}, year = {1984}, month = {July}, abstract = {This dissertation describes computational experiments comparing the performance of a range of reinforcement-learning algorithms. The experiments are designed to focus on aspects of the credit-assignment problem having to do with determining when the behavior that deserves credit occurred. The issues of knowledge representation involved in developing new features or refining existing ones are not addressed. The algorithms considered include some from learning automata theory, mathematical learning theory, early 'cybernetic' approaches to learning, Samuel's checker-playing program, Michie and Chambers's 'Boxes' system, and a number of new algorithms. The tasks were selected so as to involve, first in isolation and then in combination, the issues of misleading generalizations, delayed reinforcement, unbalanced reinforcement, and secondary reinforcement. The tasks range from simple, abstract 'two-armed bandit' tasks to a physically realistic pole-balancing task. The results indicate several areas where the algorithms presented here perform substantially better than those previously studied. An unbalanced distribution of reinforcement, misleading generalizations, and delayed reinforcement can greatly retard learning and in some cases even make it counterproductive. Performance can be substantially improved in the presence of these common problems through the use of mechanisms of reinforcement comparison and secondary reinforcement. We present a new algorithm similar to the 'learning-by-generalization' algorithm used for altering the static evaluation function in Samuel's checker-playing program. Simulation experiments indicate that the new algorithm performs better than a version of Samuel's algorithm suitably modified for reinforcement learning tasks. Theoretical analysis in terms of an 'ideal reinforcement signal' sheds light on the relationship between these two algorithms and other temporal credit-assignment algorithms.}, citeulike-article-id = {436307}, keywords = {reinforcement td}, priority = {2}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=911176} } @BOOK{Sutton1998, title = {{Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning)}}, publisher = {The MIT Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Sutton, Richard S. and Barto, Andrew G.}, pages = {322} } @ARTICLE{Sycara98, author = {Sycara, K.P.}, title = {{Multiagent Systems}}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = {1998}, volume = {19}, pages = {79--92}, number = {2} } @ARTICLE{Szabo02, author = {Szabo, G. and Hauert, C.}, title = {Phase Transitions and Volunteering in Spatial Public Goods Games}, journal = {Phys Rev Lett}, year = {2002}, volume = {89}, pages = {118101}, number = {11}, prevents spreading of selfish behaviour}} @ARTICLE{Tang05a, author = {Tang, F. and Parker, L. E.}, title = {ASyMTRe: Automated Synthesis of Multi-Robot Task Solutions Through Software Reconfiguration}, journal = {Proc of IEEE International Conference On Robotics and Automation}, year = {2005}} @ARTICLE{Tang05b, author = {Tang, F. and Parker, L. E.}, title = {Distributed Multi-Robot Coalitions Through ASyMTRe-D}, journal = {Proceedings of IEEE International Conference On Intelligent Robots and Systems, Edmonton}, year = {2005}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Tangamchit02, author = {Tangamchit, P. and Dolan, JM and Khosla, PK}, title = {The necessity of average rewards in cooperative multirobot learning}, booktitle = {Robotics and Automation, 2002. Proceedings. ICRA'02. IEEE International Conference on}, year = {2002}, volume = {2}, abstract = {Learning can be an effective way for robot systems to deal with dynamic environments and changing task conditions. However, popular single-robot learning algorithms based on discounted rewards, such as Q learning, do not achieve cooperation (i.e., purposeful division of labor) when applied to task-level multirobot systems. A task-level system is defined as one performing a mission that is decomposed into subtasks shared among robots. We demonstrate the superiority of average-reward-based learning such as the Monte Carlo algorithm for task-level multirobot systems, and suggest an explanation for this superiority.}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{Tarapore06, author = {Tarapore, D and Floreano, D and Keller, L}, title = {Influence of the level of polyandry and genetic architecture on division of labour}, booktitle = {The {T}enth {I}nternational {C}onference on the {S}imulation and {S}ynthesis of {L}iving {S}ystems, {B}loomington, {IN}}, year = {2006}, pages = {358--364}, abstract = {Genetic diversity is thought to be a main factor in determin ing task performance and behavioral plasticity of social insect colonies. This diversity has two main causes. a) Multiple matings by the colony queen (polyandry) and b) the number of regions on the genome that influence a behavioral trait. However experiments exploring the relation between these two factors in influencing division of labour are relatively rare due to the difficulties associated with performing them. We simulate the evolution of a colony of foragers which are offspring of a single queen mating with a variable number of males. The foragers are evaluated based on their ability to bring resources of different types to the nest. We show that the colony foraging efficiency improves significantly with an increment in polyandry as compared to an increment in the number of loci influencing a foraging trait.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=84768}, documenturl = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?recid=84768&mode=best}, location = {Bloomington, IN}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:84768}, oai-set = {conf}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LIS}, url = {http://alifex.org/} } @ARTICLE{Taylor92, author = {Taylor, P. D.}, title = {Inclusive Fitness in a Homogeneous Environment}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.}, year = {1992}, volume = {249}, pages = {299-302}} @ARTICLE{Taylor96, author = {Taylor, P. D. and Frank, S. A. }, title = {How to Make a Kin Selection Model}, journal = {J. Theor. Biol.}, year = {1996}, volume = {180}, pages = {27-37} } @INBOOK{Taylor01, title = {Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = {2001}, editor = {P. J. Bentley \& D. W. Corne}, author = {Taylor, T.}, booktitle = {Creative Evolutionary Systems}} @CONFERENCE{Tenorth09, author = {Tenorth, M. and Beetz, M.}, title = {{KnowRob—knowledge processing for autonomous personal robots}}, booktitle = {Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2009. IROS 2009. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on}, year = {2009}, pages = {4261--4266} } @ARTICLE{Theraulaz95, author = {Theraulaz, G. and Bonabeau, E.}, title = {Coordination in Distributed Building}, journal = {Science}, year = {1995}, volume = {269}, pages = {686-688}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Theraulaz98, author = {Theraulaz, G. and Bonabeau, E. and Deneubourg, J. -L.}, title = {Response Threshold Reinforcement and Division of Labour in Insect Societies}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.}, year = {1998}, volume = {265}, pages = {327-332}, month = {2}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.1998.0299}, publisher = {The Royal Society} } @ARTICLE{Theraulaz91, author = {Theraulaz, G. and Goss, S. and Gervet, J. and Deneubourg, J. -L.}, title = {Task Differentiation in Polistes Wasp Colonies: a Model For Self-Organizing Groups of Robots}, journal = {Proceedings of the First International Conference On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior On From Animals to Animats}, year = {1991}, volume = {1}, pages = {346 - 355}, publisher = {MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Thompson95, author = {Thompson, A.}, title = {{Evolving Electronic Robot Controller that Exploit Hardware Resources}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Life}}, year = {1995}, pages = {640--656} } @ARTICLE{Thorne03, author = {Thorne, B. L. and Traniello, J. F. A.}, title = {Comparative Social Biology of Basal Taxa of Ants and Termites}, journal = {Annu. Rev. Entomol.}, year = {2003}, volume = {48}, pages = {283-306}} @INCOLLECTION{Thrun02, author = {Thrun, S.}, title = {Robotic Mapping: A Survey}, booktitle = {Exploring Artificial Intelligence in the New Millenium}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = {2002}, editor = {Lakemeyer, G. and Nebel, B.}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Tofilski02, author = {Tofilski, A.}, title = {Influence of Age Polyethism On Longevity of Workers in Social Insects}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {2002}, volume = {51}, pages = {234-237} } @ARTICLE{Tofts92, author = {Tofts, C. and Franks, N. R.}, title = {Doing the Right Thing: Ants, Honeybees and Naked Mole-Rats}, journal = {Trends Ecol. Evol.}, year = {1992}, volume = {17}, pages = {346--349}, number = {1}} @ARTICLE{Torralba08, author = {Torralba, A AND Fergus, R AND Freeman, WT}, title = {80 million tiny images: a large data set for nonparametric object and scene recognition.}, journal = {IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell.}, year = {2008}, volume = {30}, pages = {1958-70}, abstract = {With the advent of the Internet, billions of images are now freely available online and constitute a dense sampling of the visual world. Using a variety of non-parametric methods, we explore this world with the aid of a large dataset of 79,302,017 images collected from the Internet. Motivated by psychophysical results showing the remarkable tolerance of the human visual system to degradations in image resolution, the images in the dataset are stored as 32 x 32 color images. Each image is loosely labeled with one of the 75,062 non-abstract nouns in English, as listed in the Wordnet lexical database. Hence the image database gives a comprehensive coverage of all object categories and scenes. The semantic information from Wordnet can be used in conjunction with nearest-neighbor methods to perform object classification over a range of semantic levels minimizing the effects of labeling noise. For certain classes that are particularly prevalent in the dataset, such as people, we are able to demonstrate a recognition performance comparable to class-specific Viola-Jones style detectors.} } @MISC{Torrens04, author = {Marc Torrens AND Patrick Hertzog AND Pearl Pu AND Boi Faltings}, title = {Towards an intelligent mobile travel assistant}, year = {2004}, } @ARTICLE{Traniello89, author = {Traniello, J. F. A.}, title = {Foraging Strategies of Ants}, journal = {Annual Review Entomology}, year = {1989}, volume = {34}, pages = {191-210}} @ARTICLE{Traulsen06, author = {Traulsen, A. and Nowak, M.A.}, title = {{Evolution of cooperation by multilevel selection}}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2006}, volume = {103}, pages = {10952}, number = {29}, abstract = {We propose a minimalist stochastic model of multilevel (or group) selection. A population is subdivided into groups. Individuals interact with other members of the group in an evolutionary game that determines their fitness. Individuals reproduce, and offspring are added to the same group. If a group reaches a certain size, it can split into two. Faster reproducing individuals lead to larger groups that split more often. In our model, higher-level selection emerges as a byproduct of individual reproduction and population structure. We derive a fundamental condition for the evolution of cooperation by group selection: if b/c > 1 + n/m, then group selection favors cooperation. The parameters b and c denote the benefit and cost of the altruistic act, whereas n and m denote the maximum group size and the number of groups. The model can be extended to more than two levels of selection and to include migration.}, publisher = {National Acad Sciences} } @ARTICLE{Trianni03, author = {Trianni, V. and Gross, R. and Labella, T. H. and Sahin, E. and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Evolving Aggregation Behaviors in a Swarm of Robots}, journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, year = {2003}, volume = {2801}, pages = {865-874}} @ARTICLE{Trianni04b, author = {Trianni, V. and Nolfi, S. and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Hole Avoidance: Experiments in Coordinated Motion On Rough Terrain}, year = {2004}, pages = { 29-36}, booktitle = {Intelligent Autonomous Systems 8}, editor = {F. Groen, N. Amato, A. Bonarini, E. Yoshida, and B. Krose}, publisher = {IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands} } @ARTICLE{Trianni06, author = {Trianni, V. and Nolfi, S. and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Cooperative Hole-Avoidance in a Swarm-Bot}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {2006}, volume = {54}, pages = {97-103}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Trianni04a, author = {Trianni, V. and Tuci, E and Dorigo, M.}, title = {Evolving Functional Self-Assembling in a Swarm of Autonomous Robots}, booktitle = {From Animals to Animats VIII. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior}, year = {2004}, pages = {405-414}, publisher = {MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.} } @ARTICLE{Trivers71, author = {Trivers, R. L.}, title = {The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism}, journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology}, year = {1971}, volume = {46}, pages = {35-57}, number = {1}} @ARTICLE{Trivers76, author = {Trivers, R. L. and Hare, H.}, title = {Haplodiploidy and the Evolution of the Social Insect}, journal = {Science}, year = {1976}, volume = {191}, pages = {249-63} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Tumer02, author = {Kagan Tumer and Adrian K. Agogino and David H. Wolpert}, title = {Learning sequences of actions in collectives of autonomous agents}, booktitle = {AAMAS '02: Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems}, year = {2002}, pages = {378--385}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, publisher = {ACM Press}, abstract = {In this paper we focus on the problem of designing a collective of autonomous agents that individually learn sequences of actions such that the resultant sequence of joint actions achieves a predetermined global objective. Directly applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) concepts to multi-agent systems often proves problematic, as agents may work at cross-purposes, or have difficulty in evaluating their contribution to achievement of the global objective, or both. Accordingly, the crucial design step in designing multi-agent systems focuses on how to set the rewards for the RL algorithm of each agent so that as the agents attempt to maximize those rewards, the system reaches a globally "desirable" solution. In this work we consider a version of this problem involving multiple autonomous agents in a grid world. We use concepts from collective intelligence [15,23] to design rewards for the agents that are "aligned" with the global reward, and are "learnable" in that agents can readily see how their behavior affects their reward. We show that reinforcement learning agents using those rewards outperform both "natural" extensions of single agent algorithms and global reinforcement learning solutions based on "team games".}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544741.544832}, isbn = {1-58113-480-0} } @ARTICLE{Turner02, author = {Turner, H. and Kazakov, D.}, title = {Stochastic Simulation of Inherited Kinship-Driven Altruism}, journal = {AISB Journal}, year = {2002}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Uchibe98, author = {Uchibe, E. and Nakamura, M. and Asada, M.}, title = {Co-Evolution For Cooperative Behavior Acquisition in a Multiple Mobile Robot Environment}, journal = {Proc of the 1998 IEEE/RSJ Intl. Conference On Intelligent Robots and Systems, Victoria}, year = {1998}, pages = {425-430}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Ueyama92, author = {Ueyama, T. and Fukuda, T. and Arai, F.}, title = {Structure Configuration Using Genetic Algorithm For Cellular Robotic System}, booktitle = {Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1992., Proceedings of the 1992 lEEE/RSJ International Conference on}, year = {1992}, volume = {3}, abstract = {We describe a path planning method for a structure organization of Cellular Robotic System (CEBOT) which consists of a large number of autonomous robotic units or "cells." Since the CEBOT is one of the distributed intelligent robotic systems, we propose a method of a distributed decision making for the path planning, where the method employs a genetic algorithm such as a swarm intelligence. Genetic algorithms are search algorithms based on the model of ecosystem, which adopt the principle of natural selection and natural genetics. The decision making is calculated according to survival rule of planning candidates. Our concept for a proposed search method is bused on the characteristic of a distributed intelligent system. Since a distributed intelligent system has an ability of calculation in each unit, by using this characteristic of the system, we propose a "distributed genetic algorithm," in which the survival selected in the next generation is calculated in each local area. We present the simulation results for the planning in two cases as follows: (1) Case for using a general genetic algorithm, (2) Case for using the proposed genetic algorithm, in which only two cells exist in each area. Finally, we also describe the relation between these algorithms and communication among "cells" by comparing these simulation results.} } @ARTICLE{Varga94, author = {L. Z. Varga AND N. R. Jennings AND D. Cockburn}, title = {Integrating intelligent systems into a cooperating community for electricity distribution management}, journal = {Int Journal of Expert Systems with Applications}, year = {1994}, volume = {7}, pages = {563-579}, abstract = {Systems in which semi-autonomous problem solving agents communicate and cooperate with one another represent an exciting vision of future computing environments. However, if this vision is ever going to result in commercially viable systems then consideration must be given to the large software base which exists within many organisations. Success requires the ability to incorporate pre-existing systems alongside purpose built agents in a cooperating community. This requirement is vital because the former represent a substantial resource investment which companies cannot afford to consign to the scrap heap. This paper reports on our experiences of constructing cooperating communities which contain elements which were pre-existing and some which were developed specifically for incorporation into an integrated environment. The general purpose framework of ARCHON (ARchitecture for Cooperative Heterogeneous ON-line systems) provides the underlying technology which facilitates cooperative problem solving and the exemplar domain is the real world problem of electricity distribution management. The actual application being developed is called CIDIM (Cooperating Intelligent systems for DIstribution system Management). An evolving methodology for designing and developing a mixed system such as this is outlined, based on our experiences in CIDIM and several other real-world industrial applications. It specifies a hybrid top-down and bottom-up approach to integration, identifies the important characteristics which shape multi-agent problem analysis and outlines key factors which impinge upon the design of the community. This methodology is then used to motivate the design decisions for the CIDIM application. Finally the process of instantiating the individual agents is discussed, some helpful guidelines on testing and evaluating future applications are given and the implementation of one of CIDIM’s cooperative scenarios is described in depth.} } @ARTICLE{Vaughan02, author = {Vaughan, R. T. and Stoy, K. and Sukhatme, G. S. and Mataric, M. J.}, title = {LOST: Localization-Space Trails For Robot Teams}, journal = {IEEE Transactions On Robotics and Automation}, year = {2002}, volume = {18}, pages = {796-812}, number = {5}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Velicer03, author = {Velicer, G. J. and Yu, Y. N.}, title = {Evolution of Novel Cooperative Swarming in the Bacterium Myxococcus Xanthus}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2003}, volume = {425}, pages = {75-78}, to Rainey03}} @CONFERENCE{Viola01, author = {Viola, P. and Jones, M.}, title = {{Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features}}, booktitle = {IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, year = {2001}, volume = {1}, pages = {511-518}, abstract = {This paper describes a machine learning approach for vi- sual object detection which is capable of processing images extremely rapidly and achieving high detection rates. This work is distinguished by three key contributions. The first is the introduction of a new image representation called the “Integral Image” which allows the features used by our de- tector to be computed very quickly. The second is a learning algorithm, based on AdaBoost, which selects a small num- ber of critical visual features from a larger set and yields extremely efficient classifiers[6]. The third contribution is a method for combining increasingly more complex classi- fiers in a “cascade” which allows background regions of the image to be quickly discarded while spending more compu- tation on promising object-like regions. The cascade can be viewed as an object specific focus-of-attention mechanism which unlike previous approaches provides statistical guar- antees that discarded regions are unlikely to contain the ob- ject of interest. In the domain of face detection the system yields detection rates comparable to the best previous sys- tems. Used in real-time applications, the detector runs at 15 frames per second without resorting to image differenc- ing or skin color detection.} } @ARTICLE{Visscher99, author = {Visscher, P. K. and Camazine, S.}, title = {Collective Decisions and Cognition in Bees}, journal = {Nature}, year = {1999}, volume = {397}, pages = {400}} @ARTICLE{Vohs06, author = {Vohs, K. D.; Mead, N. L.; Goode, M. R.}, title = {The Psychological Consequences of Money}, journal = {Science}, year = {2006}, volume = {314}, pages = {1154 -1156}, abstract = {Money has been said to change people's motivation (mainly for the better) and their behavior toward others (mainly for the worse). The results of nine experiments suggest that money brings about a self-sufficient orientation in which people prefer to be free of dependency and dependents. Reminders of money, relative to nonmoney reminders, led to reduced requests for help and reduced helpfulness toward others. Relative to participants primed with neutral concepts, participants primed with money preferred to play alone, work alone, and put more physical distance between themselves and a new acquaintance.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1132491} } @ARTICLE{Vyakarnum08, author = {Vyakarnum, S.}, title = {The innovative brain}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2008}, volume = {456}, pages = {168-169} } @ARTICLE{Wagner03, author = {Wagner, K. AND Reggia, J. A. AND Uriagereka, J. AND Wilkinson, G. S.}, title = {Progress in the Simulation of Emergent Communication and Language}, journal = {Adaptive Behavior}, year = {2003}, volume = {11}, pages = {37-69}, abstract = {This article reviews recent progress made by computational studies investigating the emergence, via learning or evolutionary mechanisms, of communication among a collection of agents. This work spans issues related to animal communication and the origins and evolution of language. The studies reviewed show how population size, spatial constraints on agent interactions, and the tasks involved can all influence the nature of the communication systems and the ease with which they are learned and/or evolved. Although progress in this area has been substantial, we are able to identify some important areas for future research in the evolution of language, including the need for further computational investigation of key aspects of language such as open vocabulary and the more complex aspects of syntax.} } @PHDTHESIS{Waibel07, author = {Waibel, M.}, title = {{Evolution of cooperation in artificial ants}}, year = {2007} } @MISC{Waibel04, author = {Waibel, M.}, title = {Review of "Ant Colony Optimization" By Marco Dorigo and Thomas St{\"u}tzle}, year = {2004}, journal = {Myrmecological News}, pages = {18}, volume = {6} } @ARTICLE{Waibel06, author = {Waibel, M. and Floreano, D. and Magnenat, S and Keller, L.}, title = {Division of Labour and Colony Efficiency in Social Insects: Effects of Interactions Between Genetic Architecture, Colony Kin Structure and Rate of Perturbations.}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B}, year = {2006}, volume = {273}, pages = {1815-23}} @ARTICLE{Waibel09, author = {Waibel, M. and Keller, L. and Floreano, D.}, title = {Genetic Team Composition and Level of Selection in the Evolution of Cooperation}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on}, year = {2009}, volume = {13}, pages = {648-660}, number = {3}, month = {June }, abstract = { In cooperative multiagent systems, agents interact to solve tasks. Global dynamics of multiagent teams result from local agent interactions, and are complex and difficult to predict. Evolutionary computation has proven a promising approach to the design of such teams. The majority of current studies use teams composed of agents with identical control rules (“genetically homogeneous teams”) and select behavior at the team level (“team-level selection”). Here we extend current approaches to include four combinations of genetic team composition and level of selection. We compare the performance of genetically homogeneous teams evolved with individual-level selection, genetically homogeneous teams evolved with team-level selection, genetically heterogeneous teams evolved with individual-level selection, and genetically heterogeneous teams evolved with team-level selection. We use a simulated foraging task to show that the optimal combination depends on the amount of cooperation required by the task. Accordingly, we distinguish between three types of cooperative tasks and suggest guidelines for the optimal choice of genetic team composition and level of selection. } } @ARTICLE{Ward01, author = {Ward, C. R. and Gobet, F. and Kendall, G.}, title = {Evolving Collective Behavior in an Artificial Ecology}, journal = {Artificial Life}, year = {2001}, volume = {7}, pages = {191-209}} @ARTICLE{Watson02, author = {Watson, R. A. and Ficici, S. G and Pollack, J. B.}, title = {Embodied Evolution: Distributing an Evolutionary Algorithm in a Population of Robots}, journal = {Robotics and Autonomous Systems}, year = {2002}, volume = {39}, pages = {1-18} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Watson99, author = {Watson, R. A. and Ficici, S. G and Pollack, J. B.}, title = {Embodied Evolution: Embodying an Evolutionary Algorithm in a Population of Robots}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 1999. CEC 99.}}, year = {1999}, volume = {1}, pages = {335-342}} @ARTICLE{Webb01, author = {Webb, B.}, title = {{Can robots make good models of biological behaviour?}}, journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences}, year = {2001}, volume = {24}, pages = {1033--1050}, number = {06}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press} } @ARTICLE{Webb00, author = {Webb, B.}, title = {What Does Robotics Have to Offer Animal Behaviour?}, journal = {Anim. Behav.}, year = {2000}, volume = {60}, pages = {545-558}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Weinberg04, author = {Weinberg, M.; Rosenschein, J. S.}, title = {Best-Response Multiagent Learning in Non-Stationary Environments}, journal = {Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems}, year = {2004}, pages = {506-513}, abstract = {This paper investigates a relatively new direction in Mul- tiagent Reinforcement Learning. Most multiagent learning techniques focus on Nash equilibria as elements of both the learning algorithm and its evaluation criteria. In contrast, we propose a multiagent learning algorithm that is optimal in the sense of finding a best-response policy, rather than in reaching an equilibrium. We present the first learning al- gorithm that is provably optimal against restricted classes of non-stationary opponents. The algorithm infers an accu- rate model of the opponent's non-stationary strategy, and simultaneously creates a best-response policy against that strategy. Our learning algorithm works within the very gen- eral framework of -player, general-sum stochastic games, and learns both the game structure and its associated opti- mal policy.} } @ARTICLE{Werger99, author = {Werger, B. B.}, title = {Cooperation Without Deliberation: A Minimal Behavior-Based Approach to Multi-Robot Teams}, journal = {Artificial Intelligence 110(1999) 293-320}, year = {1999}, volume = {110}, pages = {293-320}, media = {"ps"} } @ARTICLE{Werger01, author = {Werger, B. B. and Mataric, M. J.}, title = {From Insect to Internet: Situated Control For Networked Robot Teams}, journal = {Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence}, year = {2001}, volume = {31}, pages = {173-198}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Werger00, author = {Werger, B. B. and Mataric, M. J.}, title = {Broadcast of Local Eligibility: Behavior-Based Control For Strongly-Cooperative Robot Teams}, journal = {Proceedings of Autonomous Agents}, year = {2000}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Werner92b, author = {Werner, G. M. and Dyer, M. G.}, title = {Evolution of Communication in Artificial Organisms}, booktitle = {Artificial Life II}, year = {1992}, editor = {Langton, C. and Taylor, C. and Farmer, D. and Rasmussen, S.}, pages = {659-687}, address = {Redwood City, CA}, publisher = {Addison-Wesley Pub.}, abstract = {A population of artificial organisms evolved simple communication protocols for mate finding. Female animals in our artificial environment had the ability to see males and to emit sounds. Male animals were blind, but could hear signals from females. Thus, the environment was designed to favor organisms that evolved to generate and interpret meaningful signals. Starting with random neural networks, the simulation resulted in a progression of generations that exhibit increasingly effective mate-finding strategies. In addition, a number of distinct subspecies, i.e., groups with different signaling protocols or 'dialects,' evolve and compete. These protocols become a behavioral barrier to mating that supports the formation of distinct subspecies. Experiments with physical barriers in the environment were also performed. A partially permeable barrier allows a separate subspecies to evolve and survive for indefinite periods of time, in spite of occasional migration and contact from members of other subspecies.}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Werner92a, author = {Werner, G. M. and Dyer, M. G.}, title = {Evolution of Herding Behavior in Artificial Animals}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Conference On From Animals to Animats 2 : Simulation of Adaptive Behavior}, year = {1992}, pages = {393-399}, publisher = {MIT Press Cambridge, MA, USA} } @ARTICLE{West07a, author = {West, S. A. AND Griffin, A. S. AND Gardner, A.}, title = {Evolutionary Explanations for Cooperation}, journal = {Current Biology}, year = {2007}, volume = {17}, pages = {661-672}, abstract = {Natural selection favours genes that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. This would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour. However, cooperation can be found at all levels of biological organisation: genes cooperate in genomes, organelles cooperate to form eukaryotic cells, cells cooperate to make multicellular organisms, bacterial parasites cooperate to overcome host defences, animals breed cooperatively, and humans and insects cooperate to build societies. Over the last 40 years, biologists have developed a theoretical framework that can explain cooperation at all these levels. Here, we summarise this theory, illustrate how it may be applied to real organisms and discuss future directions.} } @ARTICLE{West01, author = {West, S. A. and Murray, M. G. and Machado, C. A. and Griffin, A. S. and Herre, E. A. }, title = {Testing {H}amilton's Rule With Competition Between Relatives}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2001}, volume = {409}, pages = {510-513}} @ARTICLE{West02, author = {West, S. A. and Pen, I. and Griffin, A. S.}, title = {Cooperation and Competition Between Relatives}, journal = {Science}, year = {2002}, volume = {296}, pages = {72-75} } @ARTICLE{West06, author = {West, S.A. and Gardner, A. and Griffin, A.S.}, title = {Altruism}, journal = {Current Biology}, year = {2006}, volume = {16}, pages = {482--483}, number = {13}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @ARTICLE{West07, author = {West, SA and Griffin, AS and Gardner, A.}, title = {{Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection}}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, year = {2007}, volume = {20}, pages = {415--432}, number = {2}, abstract = {From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviours are those which have fitness consequences for both the individual that performs the behaviour, and another individual. Over the last 43 years, a huge theoretical and empirical literature has developed on this topic. However, progress is often hindered by poor communication between scientists, with different people using the same term to mean different things, or different terms to mean the same thing. This can obscure what is biologically important, and what is not. The potential for such semantic confusion is greatest with interdisciplinary research. Our aim here is to address issues of semantic confusion that have arisen with research on the problem of cooperation. In particular, we: (i) discuss confusion over the terms kin selection, mutualism, mutual benefit, cooperation, altruism, reciprocal altruism, weak altruism, altruistic punishment, strong reciprocity, group selection and direct fitness; (ii) emphasize the need to distinguish between proximate (mechanism) and ultimate (survival value) explanations of behaviours. We draw examples from all areas, but especially recent work on humans and microbes.}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing} } @INPROCEEDINGS{White98, author = {Tony White and Bernard Pagurek and Franz Oppacher}, title = {{ASGA}: Improving the Ant System by Integration with Genetic Algorithms}, booktitle = {Genetic Programming 1998: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference}, year = {1998}, editor = {John R. Koza and Wolfgang Banzhaf and Kumar Chellapilla and Kalyanmoy Deb and Marco Dorigo and David B. Fogel and Max H. Garzon and David E. Goldberg and Hitoshi Iba and Rick Riolo}, pages = {610--617}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann} } @MISC{Whitley02, author = {Whitley, D.}, title = {Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary}, year = {2002}, booktitle = {Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia 2002}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Whitley01, author = {Whitley, D.}, title = {An Overview of Evolutionary Algorithms: Practical Issues and Common Pitfalls}, journal = {Information and Software Technology}, year = {2001}, volume = {43}, pages = {817--831}, number = {14}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Whitley94, author = {Whitley, D.}, title = {A Genetic Algorithm Tutorial}, journal = {Statistics and Computing}, year = {1994}, volume = {4}, pages = {65--85}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{Wiegand01, author = {Wiegand, R. P. and Liles, W. C. and DeJong, D. V.}, title = {An Empirical Analysis of Collaboration Methods in Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms}, journal = {Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference 2001}, year = {2001}} @ARTICLE{Wilson83, author = {Wilson, D.S.}, title = {{The Group Selection Controversy: History and Current Status}}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics}, year = {1983}, volume = {14}, pages = {159--187}, number = {1}, publisher = {Annual Reviews} } @ARTICLE{WilsonDS92, author = {Wilson, D.S. and Pollock, G.B. and Dugatkin, L.A.}, title = {Can altruism evolve in purely viscous populations?}, journal = {Evolutionary Ecology}, year = {1992}, volume = {6}, pages = {331--341}, number = {4}, abstract = {Limited dispersal is often thought to facilitate the evolution of altruism by increasing the degree of relatedness among interacting individuals. Limited dispersal can have additional effects, however, such as local population regulation, that inhibits the evolution of altruism. Many models of structured populations assume that a viscous stage of the life cycle alternates with a global mixing stage, which allows the advantages of interactions among close relatives without the disadvantages of local population regulation. Here we analyse a computer simulation model of lsquopurersquo population viscosity, in which offspring are always deposited close to parents and no global mixing stage exists. As expected, limited dispersal generates a high coefficient of relatedness among interacting individuals. Patches of altruists, however, are unable to lsquoexportrsquo their productivity to other regions of the landscape and are easily invaded by selfish types from neighbouring patches. Unlike models of alternating viscosity, in which high relatedness and local population regulation can be decoupled, these two opposing effects are inextricably linked in purely viscous populations, which therefore are not conducive to the evolution of altruistic traits.}, publisher = {Springer} } @ARTICLE{WilsonDS97, author = {Wilson, D. S. and Dugatkin, L. A.}, title = {Group Selection and Assortative Interactions}, journal = {The American Naturalist}, year = {1997}, volume = {149}, pages = {336-351}} @ARTICLE{WilsonDS94, author = {Wilson, D. S. and Sober, E.}, title = {Re-Introducing Group Selection to the Human Behavioral Sciences}, year = {1994}} @ARTICLE{WilsonEO05a, author = {Wilson, E. O.}, title = {Kin Selection As the Key to Altruism: Its Rise and Fall}, journal = {Social Research}, year = {2005}, volume = {72}, pages = {159-166} } @ARTICLE{WilsonEO85a, author = {Wilson, E. O.}, title = {Between-Caste Aversion As a Basis For Division of Labor in the Ant Pheidole Pubiventris (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)}, journal = {Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.}, year = {1985}, volume = {17}, pages = {35-37} } @ARTICLE{WilsonEO85b, author = {Wilson, E. O.}, title = {The Sociogenesis of Insect Colonies}, journal = {Science}, year = {1985}, volume = {228}, pages = {1489-1495}, number = {4707}} @BOOK{WilsonEO71, title = {The Insect Societies}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = {1971}, author = {Wilson, E. O.}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, media = {"pdf"} } @ARTICLE{WilsonEO05b, author = {Wilson, E. O. and H{\"o}lldobler, B.}, title = {Eusociality: Origin and Consequences}, journal = {PNAS}, year = {2005}, volume = {102}, pages = {13367-13371}} @ARTICLE{WilsonM04, author = {Wilson, M. and Melhuish, C. and Sendova-Franks, A. B. and Scholes, S.}, title = {Algorithms For Building Annular Structures With Minimalist Robots Inspired By Brood Sorting in Ant Colonies}, journal = {Autonomous Robots}, year = {2004}, volume = {17}, pages = {115--136} } @CONFERENCE{Wolpert01a, author = {Wolpert, D.H.}, title = {{The supervised learning no-free-lunch theorems}}, booktitle = {Proc. 6th Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications}, year = {2001} } @ARTICLE{Wolpert97, author = {Wolpert, D.H. and Macready, W.G.}, title = {{No free lunch theorems for optimization}}, journal = {Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on}, year = {1997}, volume = {1}, pages = {67--82}, number = {1}, publisher = {IEEE} } @ARTICLE{Wolpert96, author = {Wolpert, D.H. and Macready, W.G.}, title = {{No free lunch theorems for search}}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation}, year = {1996}, volume = {1}, pages = {67--82}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Wolpert01, author = {Wolpert, D. H. AND Tumer, K.}, title = {Optimal payoff functions for members of collectives}, journal = {Adv. Complex Syst.}, year = {2001}, volume = {4}, pages = {265--279}, abstract = {We consider the problem of designing (perhaps massively distributed) collectives of computational processes to maximize a provided “world” utility function. We consider this problem when the behavior of each process in the collective can be cast as striving to maximize its own payoff utility function. For such cases the central design issue is how to initialize/update those payoff utility functions of the individual processes so as to induce behavior of the entire collective having good values of the world utility. Tradi- tional “team game” approaches to this problem simply assign to each process the world utility as its payoff utility function. In previous work we used the “Collective Intelli- gence” (COIN) framework to derive a better choice of payoff utility functions, one that results in world utility performance up to orders of magnitude superior to that ensuing from use of the team game utility. In this paper we extend these results using a novel mathematical framework. We review the derivation under that new framework of the general class of payoff utility functions that both i) are easy for the individual processes to try to maximize, and ii) have the property that if good values of them are achieved, then we are assured of a high value of world utility. These are the “Aristocrat Utility” and a new variant of the “Wonderful Life Utility” that was introduced in the previous COIN work. We demonstrate experimentally that using these new utility functions can result in significantly improved performance over that of previously investigated COIN payoff utilities, over and above those previous utilities’ superiority to the conventional team game utility. These results also illustrate the substantial superiority of these payoff functions to the perhaps the most natural version of the economics technique of “endo- genizing externalities”.} } @ARTICLE{Wolpert99, author = {Wolpert, D. H. and Tumer, K.}, title = {A Survey of Collective Intelligence}, year = {1999}} @ARTICLE{Wren07, author = {Wren, Jonathan D. AND Kozak, Katarzyna Z. AND Johnson, Kathryn R. AND Deakyne, Sara J. AND Schilling, Lisa M. AND Dellavalle, Robert P.}, title = {The write position. A survey of perceived contributions to papers based on byline position and number of authors.}, journal = {EMBO reports}, year = {2007}, volume = {8} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Wu99, author = {Wu, A. S. and Schultz, A. C. and Agah, A.}, title = {Evolving control for distributed micro air vehicles}, booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Robotics}, year = {1999}, pages = {174--179} } @ARTICLE{Wurman08, author = {Wurman, P.R. and D'Andrea, R. and Mountz, M.}, title = {{Coordinating hundreds of cooperative, autonomous vehicles in warehouses}}, journal = {AI Magazine}, year = {2008}, volume = {29}, pages = {9}, number = {1}, abstract = {The Kiva warehouse management system creates a new paradigm for pick-pack-and-ship warehouses that signifi- cantly improves worker productivity. The Kiva system uses movable storage shelves that can be lifted by small, au- tonomous robots. By bringing the product to the worker, pro- ductivity is increased by a factor of two or more, while simul- taneously improving accountability and flexibility. A Kiva installation for a large distribution center may require 500 or more vehicles. As such, the Kiva system represents the first commercially available, large-scale autonomous robot sys- tem. The first permanent installation } @BOOK{WynneEdwards62, title = {{Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour}}, publisher = {Oliver and Boyd. London, GB.}, year = {1962} } @ARTICLE{Yao99, author = {Yao, X.}, title = {Evolving artificial neural networks}, journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE}, year = {1999}, volume = {87}, pages = {1423-1447}, abstract = {Learning and evolution are two fundamental forms of adaptation. There has been a great interest in combining learning and evolution with artificial neural networks (ANNs) in recent years. This paper: 1) reviews different combinations between ANNs and evolutionary algorithms (EAs), including using EAs to evolve ANN connection weights, architectures, learning rules, and input features; 2) discusses different search operators which have been used in various EAs; and 3) points out possible future research directions. It is shown, through a considerably large literature review, that combinations between ANNs and EAs can lead to significantly better intelligent systems than relying on ANNs or EAs alone}, doi = {doi:10.1109/5.784219} } @ARTICLE{Yao93a, author = {Yao, X.}, title = {Evolutionary artificial neural networks}, journal = {Int. J. Neural Syst.}, year = {1993}, volume = {a}, pages = {203-222} } @ARTICLE{Yao93b, author = {Yao, X.}, title = {An empirical study of genetic operators in genetic algorithms}, journal = {Microprocessing and Microprogramming}, year = {1993}, volume = {38}, pages = {707--714} } @ARTICLE{Yao94, author = {Yao, X. and Darwen, P. and {The Australian Defence Force Academy Department of Computer Science}}, title = {An Experimental Study of N-person Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Games}, journal = {Informatica}, year = {1994}, volume = {18}, pages = {435--450}, abstract = {The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game has been used extensively in the study of the evolution of cooperative behaviours in social and biological systems. There have been a lot of experimental studies on evolving strategies for 2-player Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma games (2IPD). However, there are many real world problems, especially many social and economic ones, which cannot be modeled by the 2IPD. The n-player Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (NIPD) is a more realistic and general game which can model those problems. This paper presents two sets of experiments on evolving strategies for the NIPD. The first set of experiments examine the impact of the number of players in the NIPD on the evolution of cooperation in the group. Our experiments show that cooperation is less likely to emerge in a large group than in a small group. The second set of experiments study the generalization ability of evolved strategies from the point of view of machine learning. Our experiments reveal the effect of changing the evolutionary environment } @CONFERENCE{Yeh04, author = {Yeh, T. and Tollmar, K. and Darrell, T.}, title = {{Searching the web with mobile images for location recognition}}, booktitle = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on}, year = {2004}, volume = {2}, organization = {IEEE}, abstract = {We describe an approach to recognizing location from mobile devices using image-based Web search. We demonstrate the usefulness of common image search metrics applied on images captured with a camera-equipped mobile device to find matching images on the World Wide Web or other general-purpose databases. Searching the entire Web can be computationally overwhelming, so we devise a hybrid image-and-keyword searching technique. First, image-search is performed over images and links to their source Web pages in a database that indexes only a small fraction of the Web. Then, relevant keywords on these Web pages are automatically identified and submitted to an existing text-based search engine (e.g. Google) that indexes a much larger portion of the Web. Finally, the resulting image set is filtered to retain images close to the original query. It is thus possible to efficiently search hundreds of millions of images that are not only textually related but also visually relevant. We demonstrate our approach on an application allowing users to browse Web pages matching the image of a nearby location.} } @ARTICLE{Yim03, author = {Yim, M. and Zhang, Y. and Roufas, K. and Duff, D. and Eldershaw, C.}, title = {Connecting and Disconnecting For Chain Self-Reconfiguration With PolyBot}, journal = {IEEE/ASME Transactions On Mechatronics and Special Issue On Information Technology in Mechatronics}, year = {2003}, media = {"pdf"} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Zaera96, author = {Zaera, N. and Cliff, C. and Bruten, J.}, title = {({N}ot) Evolving Collective Behaviours in Synthetic Fish}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB'96)}, year = {1996}, volume = {4}, pages = {635-644}, journal = {From Animals to Animats 4} } @ARTICLE{Zafren05, author = {Zafren, K. and Durrer, B. and Herry, J.P. and Brugger, H. and Bruneck, I.}, title = {Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM)}, journal = {Resuscitation}, year = {2005}, volume = {65}, pages = {369–372}, abstract = {Lightning is a hazard during outdoor activities, especially for hikers and mountaineers. Specific preventive measures include staying off ridges and summits, and away from single trees. If possible, stay close to a wall but keeping a distance of at least 1 m away from the wall. All metal objects (carabiners, crampons, ice-axe, ski poles, etc.) should be removed and stored away safely. Lightning currents can follow wet ropes. To prevent blunt trauma the helmet should not be removed. Move as quickly as possible away from wire ropes and iron ladders. The crouch position should be adopted immediately if there is a sensation of hair “standing on end”. Crackling noises or a visible glow indicate an imminent lightning strike. Rescue of lightning victims may be hazardous. Airborne helicopters can be struck by lightning with disastrous effects. It is prudent to wait until the danger of further strikes has passed. Treatment of lightning victims is based upon the ABCs – (Assessment) airway, breathing and circulation. Victims who are not breathing can often be resuscitated and should be helped first. Respiratory arrest may be prolonged, but the prognosis can be excellent if breathing is supported. Standard Advanced Life Support (ALS), if necessary, should be given at the scene.}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); Emergency treatment; Lightning } @ARTICLE{Zamora97, author = {Zamora, J. and Del R. Millan, J. and Murciano, A.}, title = {Learning and Stabilisation of Altruistic Behaviors in Multi-Agent Systems}, journal = {Proc of the 1997 IEEE Int Symp On Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation, Monterey}, year = {1997}} @INPROCEEDINGS{Zhang06, author = {Zhang, H. and Zhang, J. and Zong, G.}, title = {Cleaning Trajectory Evaluation of a Wall Cleaning Robot Based on Synthesis Standards}, year = {2006}, pages = {1695--1700}, abstract = {Path planning is a fundamental issue in mobile robotics. Even if the path planning methods for mobile ground-robots and those of wall-cleaning robots have a lot in common, the latter still feature some particular characteristics. In this paper, a new approach to path planning for wall-cleaning robots is presented based on an evaluation by the synthesis of standards. Considering the characteristics of the workspace, a mathematic model is proposed to describe the features of the work target. Cleaning trajectory is determined and evaluated by the synthesis of movement security, cleaning efficiency and the percentage of cleaning coverage. This paper presents the results of experiments on the sky cleaner robot for glass-wall cleaning, which demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the new approach.}, journal = {Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, IMACS Multiconference } @INPROCEEDINGS{Zhang04, author = {Zhang, H. and Zhang, J. and Zong, G.}, title = {Requirements of glass cleaning and development of climbing robot systems}, year = {2004}, pages = {101--106}, On opposite ends in the Y direction there are also four brush cylinders, which actuate the brushes up and down. An adaptive cleaning head is designed especially for effective, efficient and safe cleaning, equipped with a drainage collecting device. When the glass is being cleaned, the water is not allowed to drip down; it is firstly drawn off the glass wall through a vacuum pump on the robot. Then the water will flow down because of the gravity and be collected on the supporting vehicle on the ground. At last the drainage will be filtered, and then reused for cleaning. Some sensors that can detect the window obstacles are mounted on each end of the X and Y cylinders. The robot can both clean and walk on the glass walls automatically in the up-down direction as well as the right-left direction.}, journal = {Intelligent Mechatronics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. 2004 } @ARTICLE{Zhang05, author = {Zhang, X.S. and Hill, W.G.}, title = {{Genetic variability under mutation selection balance}}, journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution}, year = {2005}, volume = {20}, pages = {468--470}, abstract = {A fundamental problem in evolutionary genetics is understanding how high levels of genetic variation in quantitative traits are maintained in natural populations. Variation is removed by the natural selection of individuals with optimal phenotypes and is recovered by mutation; however, previous analyses had indicated that a mutation–selection balance was insufficient to maintain observed levels of genetic variation in these traits. Using more general models, however, it has recently been shown that it is indeed a sufficient mechanism. These models can be used to explore other phenomena in evolutionary biology.}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Zufferey02, author = {Zufferey, J.C. and Floreano, D. and van Leeuwen, M. and Merenda, T.}, title = {Evolving {V}ision-based {F}lying {R}obots}, booktitle = {2{n}d {I}nternational {W}orkshop on {B}iologically {M}otivated {C}omputer {V}ision ({BMCV}'2002)}, year = {2002}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {592--600}, abstract = {We describe a new experimental approach whereby an indoor flying robot evolves the ability to navigate in a textured room using only visual information and neuromorphic control. The architecture of a spiking neural circuit, which is connected to the vision system and to the motors, is genetically encoded and evolved on the physical robot without human intervention. The flying robot consists of a small wireless airship equipped with a linear camera and a set of sensors used to measure its performance. Evolved spiking circuits can manage to fly the robot around the room by exploiting a combination of visual features, robot morphology, and interaction dynamics.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=63944}, documenturl = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?recid=63944&mode=best}, keywords = {bio-inspired vision; flying robot; evolutionary robotics; Bio-inspired Flying Robots}, location = {T\"ubingen}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:63944}, oai-set = {conf}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LIS}, url = {http://www.bmcv.tuebingen.mpg.de/} } @ARTICLE{Zufferey06, author = {Zufferey, J.C. and Guanella, A. and Beyeler, A. and Floreano, D.}, title = {Flying over the {R}eality {G}ap: {F}rom {S}imulated to {R}eal {I}ndoor {A}irships}, journal = {Autonomous {R}obots}, year = {2006}, volume = {21}, pages = {243--254}, number = {3}, abstract = {Because of their ability to naturally float in the air, indoor airships (often called blimps) constitute an appealing platform for research in aerial robotics. However, when confronted to long lasting experiments such as those involving learning or evolutionary techniques, blimps present the disadvantage that they cannot be linked to external power sources and tend to have little mechanical resistance due to their low weight budget. One solution to this problem is to use a realistic flight simulator, which can also significantly reduce experimental duration by running faster than real time. This requires an efficient physical dynamic modelling and parameter identification procedure, which are complicated to develop and usually rely on costly facilities such as wind tunnels. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient physics-based dynamic modelling of indoor airships including a pragmatic methodology for parameter identification without the need for complex or costly test facilities. Our approach is tested with an existing blimp in a vision-based navigation task. Neuronal controllers are evolved in simulation to map visual input into motor commands in order to steer the flying robot forward as fast as possible while avoiding collisions. After evolution, the best individuals are successfully transferred to the physical blimp, which experimentally demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed approach.}, affiliation = {EPFL}, details = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/search.py?recid=88102}, documenturl = {http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?recid=88102&mode=best}, keywords = {Blimp; Indoor airship; Dynamic modelling; Vision-based navigation; Artificial evolution}, oai-id = {oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:88102}, oai-set = {article}, review = {REVIEWED}, status = {PUBLISHED}, unit = {LIS} } @CONFERENCE{Zweigle09, author = {Zweigle, O. and van de Molengraft, R. and d'Andrea, R. and H{\"a}ussermann, K.}, title = {{RoboEarth: connecting robots worldwide}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interaction Sciences: Information Technology, Culture and Human}, year = {2009}, pages = {184--191}, organization = {ACM} } @ARTICLE{Zykov05, author = {Zykov, V. and Mytilinaios, E. and Adams, B. and Lipson, H.}, title = {Robotics: Self-Reproducing Machines}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2005}, volume = {435}, pages = {163-164}, month = {5}, is central to biological life for long-term sustainability and evolutionary adaptation. Although these traits would also be desirable in many engineered systems, the principles of self-reproduction have not been exploited in machine design1. Here we create simple machines that act as autonomous modular robots and are capable of physical self-reproduction using a set of cubes.}} @BOOK{Christensen09CoSy, title = {Cognitive Systems}, publisher = {Springer {V}erlag}, year = {2010}, editor = {H. I. Christensen and G.J. Kruijff and J. Wyatt}, series = {COSMOS}, address = {Berlin, DE}, month = {May}, date-added = {2008-11-16 04:25:33 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-05-05 03:24:48 -0400}, pdf = {http://www.cognitivesystems.org/cosybook/cosy-book.pdf} } @BOOK{Hammerstein03, title = {{Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation}}, publisher = {MIT Press, Cambridge, MA in cooperation with Dahlem University Press}, year = {2003}, editor = {Hammerstein, P.} } @BOOK{Keller99a, title = {Levels of Selection in Evolution}, publisher = {Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ}, year = {1999}, editor = {Keller, L.} } @PROCEEDINGS{Conference01, title = {Evolvability \& Interaction: Evolutionary Substrates of Communication and Signalling and and Perception in the Dynamics of Social Complexity}, year = {2003}, editor = {McOwan, P. and Dautenhahn, K. and Nehaniv, C. L.}, publisher = {University of Hertfordshire and Faculty of Engineering and Informaition Sciences; Technical Report No: 393}, month = {10}, media = {"pdf"} } @BOOK{Murphy95, title = {{What is Life? The Next Fifty Years: Speculations on the Future of Biology}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1995}, editor = {Murphy, M.P. and O'Neill, L.A.J.} } @MISC{AeroSpy, title = {AeroSpy UAV Quadcopter}, url = {http://www.aerospy.at} } @MISC{AeroVinci, title = {AeroVinci - Quad rotors with optional Field Progammable Gate Arrays (FPGA)}, url = {http://www.aerovinci.com/} } @MISC{AirRobot, title = {AirRobot}, url = {http://www.airrobot.com/} } @MISC{ARDrone, title = {ARDrone - The Flying Videogame}, url = {http://ardrone.parrot.com} } @MISC{asctec, title = {Ascending Technologies}, url = {http://www.asctec.de/} } @MISC{cnchelicopter, title = {cnchelicopter}, url = {http://www.cnchelicopter.com} } @MISC{CyPhyWorks, title = {CyPhy Works}, url = {http://www.cyphyworks.com/} } @MISC{CyPhyWorks, title = {CyPhy Works}, url = {http://www.cyphyworks.com/} } @MISC{DraganFly, title = {DraganFly}, url = {http://www.draganfly.com/} } @MISC{Hadoop, title = {Apache Hadoop, a framework for reliable, scalable and distributed computing} } @MISC{HBase, title = {HBase Architecture}, location = {http://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/Hbase/HbaseArchitecture} } @MISC{Honeywell, title = {Honeywell T-Hawk}, url = {http://www.thawkmav.com/} } @MISC{LehmannAviation, title = {Lehmann Aviation}, url = {http://www.lehmannaviation.com/} } @MISC{Vicon, title = {Vicon Motion Capture Systems}, url = {http://www.vicon.com/} } @MISC{WorldRobotics10, title = {World Robotics 2010}, } @MANUAL{IAP-Evo06, title = {IAP STATEMENT ON THE TEACHING OF EVOLUTION}, year = {2006}} @TECHREPORT{VirginiaGlassMirror04, title = {Glass Cleaning Guidelines}, institution = {Virginia Glass Mirror}, year = {2004}, } @MISC{Selfreconfigs, title = {IEEE/ASME Transactions On Mechatronics Vol. 7, Issue 4}, month = {12}, year = {2002}, media = {"pdf"} } @MISC{Whitfield02, title = {The Police State}, howpublished = {news@nature}, year = {2002}, doi:10.1038/feature020422-16}} @ARTICLE{Arkin93, title = {Dimensions of Communication and Social Organization in Multi-Agent Robotic Systems}, year = {1993}}